Zatchot L1 to L3 Flashcards
what is the Five classical methods of direct patient
examination
- patient’s interview,
- inspection,
- palpation,
- percussion,
- auscultation
what is The DF of Symptom
-Symptom: is a separate sign of the disease
what is The DF of Syndrome
-Syndrome: is a combination of symptoms, combined with a common pathogenesis (the
mechanism of development)
what is The DF of Diagnosis
-Diagnosis is a short medical conclusion about the nature of the disease and the
patient’s condition, expressed in medical terms
what is the Pulmonary consolidation syndrome ?
Significant decrease or complete absence of lungparenchyma airiness. This syndrome includes thefollowing symptoms:
* Dyspnea,
* Chest pains enhancing in deep inhalation,
* Asymmetric chest motions in respiration,
* Dull percussion note,
* Vesicular breath sound changes,
* Local shadow on the roentgenogram
what is the structure of medical case report
1- I. The patient identification data (ID).
2- II. Medical history
3- III. Physical examination
4-IV. Scheme of investigation
5-V. Investigation data
6-VI. Сlinical diagnosis
7- VII. Treatment
what is the DF of The medical history
The medical history : is the foundation upon which diagnosis and treatment are made.
Without a medical history, the clinician works in a vacuum.
what is the COMPONENTS OF THE (ADULT) MEDICAL
HISTORY (The patient interview)
- I. Introductory information (identifying data) – ID.
- II. Chief complaint – CC.
- III. History of the present illness – HPI.
- IV. Life history: 1.Past medical history – PMH
- Family history – FH.
- Psychosocial history – PSH.
- Medications and habits – MH.
- VIII. Review of systems – ROS
explain the I. Introductory information
- the patient’s name
- age (date of birth)
- occupation =What is your profession?
- address
- date of admission = When were you hospitalized?
explain the II. Chief complaint and its duration – CC
—* The chief complaint (CC) :complaints refer to important symptoms of the disease, most typical for that disease, which shows to some extent the localization of the process.
ex: * What made you to come to the hospital?
what Chief complaints (CC) of respiratory,
— Respiratory
* Cough (dry, wet, paroxysmal)
* Sputum (mucous, purulent ,rusty)
* Hemoptysis
* Chest pain
* Breathlessness (dyspnea)
* Suffocation
what Chief complaints (CC) of Cardiovascular
–. Cardiovascular
* Pain in the region of
the heart
* Breathlessness
* Heart rhythm
disturbances
* Edema
* Headache
what is the chief complement of * . Alimentary system
—Alimentary
* Appetite disorders
* Swallowing disorders
* Heartburn
* Eructation
* Nausea, vomiting
* Abdominal pains
* Diarrhea
* Constipation
Chief complaints (CC) of urinary
–Urinary
* Fever
* Painful urination
* Pain in loin region
* Red urine
* Edema
* Altered urine volume
explain the Secondary complaints
The secondary complaints are pertained subjective sensations, declared only presence of disease, but does not specific for certain diseases (e.g. weakness, fever, decreased ability to work, fatiguability and etc),
- or that complaints, which are connected to
accompanied disease.
explain History of the present illness – HPI.
- Beginning of the illness, First manifestations
- Possible reasons of its origin (in the opinion of the
patient) - Development of symptoms
- Sequence, reinforcement, weakening or
disappearance earlier appeared or appearance of new
disease’s symptoms
explain the Life history
1-Past medical history – PMH : :
A. Other medical problems = acute diseases
* B. Allergies -specific allergic reaction,
* C. Epidemiological history-tuberculosis, hepatitis, malaria,
* D. Injuries, hospitalizations, and operations
* E. Immunizations
2-Family history – FH. :
* A. The age and health of the patient’s parents, siblings, and children. If a family member is deceased, the cause of death is noted.
* B. The occurrence of any disease like that described in the patient’s HPI is sought in other family members.
3. Psychosocial history – PSH. :
A. Infancy, childhood, adolescence
B. Lifestyle
D. Occupational life : 1. Nature of work 2. Toxic exposures
E. Sexual history
4-. Medications and habits – MH :
A. Medications : Name, dosage
B. Habits : Tobacco smoking , Alcohol consumption
explain the VIII. Review of systems (ROS)
VIII. Review of systems (ROS)
* Systematic questioning about different organ systems
* At the end of the ROS, it is useful to ask two questions:
* (1) “Is there anything else bothering you?”
* (2) “Is there anything you would like to ask
about before I give you a physical exam?
explain the General inspection , and what is Patient’s general condition
–The rules:
1. The patient must be examined successively
2. The patient should be examined fully.
–The conditions:
1. The room should be warm.
2. Lighting - natural light is desired
———-
satisfactory,
medium gravity,
grave
extremely grave
explain the General inspection , and what is Patient’s general condition
–The rules:
1. The patient must be examined successively
2. The patient should be examined fully.
–The conditions:
1. The room should be warm.
2. Lighting - natural light is desired
———-
satisfactory,
medium gravity,
grave
extremely grave
explain the Body temperature
In a healthy human being body temperature
fluctuates in a narrow range: from 36,0°C to 37,0°C.
- Continued fever (febris continua): long-term body
temperature increase with diurnal fluctuations not
exceeding 1°C. - Remittent fever (febris remittens): long term body temperature increase with diurnal fluctuations exceeding 1°C.
- Intermittent fever (febris intermittens): high fever changed by normal body temperature (below 37°С) for 1-2 days and then rising again up to 38-40°С.
- Hectic fever (febris hectica): sufficient temperature increase up to 39-41°С (more often by the evening) changed by normal temperature within 24 hours. Increase of temperature is accompanied by pronounced chill, and its increase - by emaciating sweating
explain the Consciousness
– Three grades of consciousness disturbance are distinguished :
1. Torpor : is a state of stunning out of which the patient may be taken out for a short time by speaking to him. The patient is poorly oriented in the surrounding situation, answers the questions slowly and late
- Sopor (sleep) : is more pronounced consciousness disturbance. The patient does not react to surrounding people, although sensitivity, including pain sensitivity, is preserved, reacts to examination.
- Coma :
is more pronounced consciousness disturbance.
The patient does not react to surrounding people, although sensitivity,
including pain sensitivity, is preserved, reacts to examination.
Types comatose states
alcoholic coma
hypoglycaemic coma
diabetic (hyperglycaemic) coma
hepatic coma
uremic coma
epileptic coma
cerebral coma
artificial coma
what Forced position during a bronchia
asthma attack
(asthma accompanied by sharp difficulty of expiration) the patient takes forced sitting position leaning with his hands on the back of a chair, edge of a bed, his knees, etc. This position gives a possibility to fix the shoulder girdle and to switch additional respiratory musculature, specifically, muscles of the neck, back and breast enabling expiration
