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Biology > YR10 DNA - Topic Test Revision > Flashcards

YR10 DNA - Topic Test Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes up the DNA’s structure

A

phosphate and deoxyribonucleic sugar (backbone) and the 4 bases (adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine) and hydrogen bonds holding the bases together

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2
Q

function of DNA

A

contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things. The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of information.

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3
Q

extracting DNA

crushing the strawberry

A

breaks open the cell

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4
Q

add detergent to the mixture

A

pulls apart the lipids and protein that makes up the membrane around the cell and nucleus.

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5
Q

add salt to the mixture

A

to neutralize the charge of the DNA’s sugar and phosphate

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6
Q

pour cold ethanol into the mixture

A

increases the yield of DNA, low temperatures protect the DNA by slowing down the enzymes that could break it apart.

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7
Q

precipitate DNA from the mixture

A

so you can get a clump of DNA which is visible

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8
Q

mitosis cell cycle step 1

I

A

interphase - 42 chromosomes replicate = 92 chromosomes

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9
Q

mitosis cell cycle step 2

P

A

prophase - chromosomes shorten and thicken

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10
Q

mitosis cell cycle step 3

M

A

metaphase - chromosomes line up on the equator

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11
Q

mitosis cell cycle step 4

A

A

anaphase - chromatids separate and start moving towards the poles

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12
Q

mitosis cell cycle step 5

T

A

telophase - chromatids are at the poles, and cell splits into two new cells (cytokinesis)

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13
Q

meiosis cell cycle step 1

M1

A

metaphase 1 - replicated chromosomes form (matching) homologous pairs, attached to spindle fibres and lined up in the middle

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14
Q

meiosis cell cycle step 2

A1

A

anaphase 1 - one replicated chromosome of each pair moves to each pole

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15
Q

meiosis cell cycle step 3

T1

A

telophase 1 - two cells are formed, each with one replicated chromosome

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16
Q

meiosis cell cycle step 4

M2

A

metaphase 2 - chromosomes line up on the equator attached to spindle fibres

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17
Q

meiosis cell cycle step 5

A2

A

anaphase 2 - chromatids separate and move to poles

18
Q

meiosis cell cycle step 6

T2

A

telophase 2 - four cells result with one copy of each chromosome, they are haploid gametes.

19
Q

mitosis definition

A

a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

20
Q

site of process in both

A

mitosis - somatic cells

meiosis - ovaries/testes

21
Q

parent cells (haploid/diploid)

A

mitosis - diploid

meiosis - diploid

22
Q

chromosome replication?

A

yes to both

23
Q

line up in homologous pairs? (matching)

A

mitosis - no

meiosis - yes

24
Q

fibres pull chromosomes apart?

A

yes to both

25
Q

number of daughter cells

A

mitosis- 2

meiosis - 4

26
Q

daughter cells haploid/diploid

A

mitosis - diploid

meiosis - haploid

27
Q

nucleotide (DNA)

A

DNA is made up of this. Nucleotides are made up of sugar, phosphate and a base.

28
Q

nucleotide (RNA) function

A

their role is to send the message from DNA to ribosomes

29
Q

DNA is located where

A

the nucleus

30
Q

scientists who discovered DNA

A

Oswald Avery
James Watson
Friedrich Miescher
Rosalind Franklin

31
Q

what is the basic unit of DNA

A

a nucleotide

32
Q

3 parts of DNA

A

sugar, phosphate and bases

33
Q

describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

twisted ladder, double helix, DNA twisted around a protein

34
Q

whats a gene

A

genes are a part of DNA that codes a series of amino acids

35
Q

describe a chromosome

A
  • made from DNA molecule
  • wound around histone (protein)
  • x and y chromosomes
  • contains genetic information
  • double helix shape
  • made from nucleotides
36
Q

diploid

A

full chromosomes number of cells (normal)

37
Q

haploid

A

half of the normal chromosome number

38
Q

daughter cell

A

the new cells produced as a result of mitosis and meiosis

39
Q

what parts of the body do mitosis occur

A

everywhere except the ovaries, testes and red blood cells

40
Q

recombinant DNA

A

are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.

41
Q

sugar + phosphate in dna

A

The sugar phosphate backbone is an important structural component of DNA.

42
Q

double helix

A

refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Biology (18 decks)

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