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Biology > Unit 4 AOS 2: DNA manipulation > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 2: DNA manipulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Anneal

A

The joining together of DNA or RNA fragments by complementary base pairing

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2
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

The incorporation of DNA from another organism into a bacterial cell

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3
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

Blunt-end restriction enzyme

A

A restriction enzyme that leaves clean-cut ends because it cuts both strands of the DNA molecule at the same location within the recognition site

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5
Q

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

Double-stranded DNA that contains no introns; copied from mRNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase

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6
Q

DNA amplification

A

The process of creating millions of identical copies of a DNA sample using the PCR reaction

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7
Q

DNA ladder

A

DNA standards; a set of DNA molecules of known size used as a ‘molecular ruler’ on gel electrophoresis to determine the size of other DNA molecules

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8
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that joins together fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond between the 3-hydroxyl and 5-phosphate of adjacent nucleotides

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers of DNA by linking nucleotides into a chain by complementary base pairing with a template strand

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10
Q

DNA thermocycler

A

The machine used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that alters the temperature in pre-programmed steps

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11
Q

Endonuclease

A

An enzyme, also called a restriction enzyme, that occurs naturally in bacteria and can cut DNA at a particular site (a recognition site); used in genetic engineering

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12
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

A technique used for separating fragments of DNA, or different proteins, based on their molecular weight (or length). Fragments migrate through a gel at rates that are dependent on their length and charge

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13
Q

Gene cloning

A

The production of identical copies of a gene

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14
Q

Helicase

A

A type of enzyme that unwinds and unzips the two strands of a DNA molecule

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15
Q

Inducer

A

A molecule that regulates gene expression

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16
Q

lacZ gene

A

A gene in the lac operon that codes for beta-galactosidase; used in recombinant plasmids for detecting transformed bacteria

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17
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that joins together two molecules or fragments of molecules

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18
Q

Ligation

A

The process of joining two fragments of DNA using a DNA ligase enzyme

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19
Q

Microsatellite

A

A short repeated sequence of nucleotides found at a defined locus on a chromosome. The number of repeats varies between individuals and so are useful in DNA profiling

20
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, circular pieces of double-stranded DNA found in bacterial cells. Plasmids replicate independently of the bacteria’s chromosomal DNA and are used in genetic engineering for creating recombinant DNA

21
Q

Polymerase

A

A group of enzymes that catalyse the formation of polymers, in particular, the formation of nucleic acid polymers by complementary base pairing with a template strand

22
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

A laboratory technique used to amplify (make millions of copies of) a piece of DNA in a short period of time

23
Q

Polymorphism

A

Genetic variation within a population. The least common allele has to have a frequency in a population of 1% or more to be considered polymorphism rather than mutation

24
Q

Primer

A

A short strand of DNA or RNA that is able to bind or anneal to single-stranded DNA to create a region where DNA polymerase can join and initiate DNA synthesis

25
Q

Recognition site

A

The short sequence of DNA bases recognised an cut by a restriction enzyme; also called a restriction site

26
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been genetically engineered by joining fragments of DNA from two or more different organisms

27
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

A plasmid containing a foreign gene that has been inserted by the use of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase

28
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

A type of enzyme also called an endonuclease, that occurs naturally in bacteria and can cut DNA at a particular site (a recognition site); used in genetic engineering

29
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

A type of polymerase enzyme used by retroviruses to copy their RNA genome into DNA; used in genetic engineering to copy messenger RNA (mRNA) into complementary DNA (CDNA)

30
Q

RNA ligase

A

A ligase enzyme that joins together fragments of RNA

31
Q

Sticky-end restriction enzyme

A

A type of restriction enzyme that makes a staggered cut in DNA to leave fragments with overhanging (or ‘sticky’) ends. The exposed bases of these sticky ends are then able to form complementary base pairs with nucleotides of other DNA molecules that have been cut with the same restriction enzyme

32
Q

Taq polymerase

A

A type of heat-resistant DNA polymerase that is widely used in PCR

33
Q

Thermophilic

A

Of or relating to an organism that favours high temperatures (a thermophile)

34
Q

Transformed

A

A bacterium that has incorporated DNA from another organism into its own or taken up a plasmid containing foreign DNA

35
Q

Gene expression

A

The expression of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein

36
Q

Transformation

A

The process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment. Scientists use this process to introduce recombinant plasmids into bacteria

37
Q

Vectors

A

An organism that is not affected by a disease but spreads it between hosts

38
Q

Social Implications

A

Consequences that affect economics, politics or society

39
Q

Biological implications

A

Consequences that affect ecosystems, environments or public health

40
Q

Ethical Implications

A

Considerations based on moral or religious beliefs

41
Q

Transgenic organism

A

A type of GMO that contains genetic material from another species that has been artificially introduced

42
Q

GMOs

Genetically modified organism

A

An organism with genetic material that has been altered using gene engineering technology

43
Q

Epidemic

A

A dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time

44
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents

45
Q

Cloning

A

To make a genetically identical organism or section of DNA

46
Q

DNA profiling

A

The process of identification using genetic information. Also known as DNA fingerprinting

47
Q

Rational drug design

A

A process in which scientists study the shape and charge of a target molecule and design a complementary-shaped drug that gives rise to a therapeutic benefit

Biology (18 decks)

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