yr1- booklet 4, 5, 6 Flashcards
Coalition govt
-10 coalitions from feb 1919- Nov 1923
-1919-1920= SPD led
-1920-23= Z and DVP led
Crushed Spartacist revolt
-150 korps, 400k men
Threats from the left 1920-21
-1920= red army (50k workers) vs Freirkorps, 1000 workers kills
-1921 KPD tried to force a revolution & strike disruption spread to Ruhr & Hamburg. Crushed by police and 145 killed
Kapp-luttwitz putsch
-Feb 1920 govt ordered 2 Freikorps to disband (ToV) they refused
-12 March 1920, 12k Freikorps march on Berlin
-Wolfgang Kapp (DNVP) supported bc wanted to seize power
-army didn’t help govt
response to Kapp Putsch
-Bauer fled and Kapp became chancellor
-But there was a general strike so country didn’t run (4 days) and Kapp fled the country
-only 1 out of 750 people involved as ‘ringleaders’ in the putsch was punished
Organisation Consul
-political assassinations by the far right
-Erzberger (Z- signed armistice/ ToV) & Rathenau (DDP- Jewish/ signed armistice) killed
-354 assassinations 1919-23
-Banned in 1922 but only 1 severely punished
Munich Putsch
-8th November 1923
-Hitler/ Nazis took control of beer hall meeting- Kahr & Lossow supposed to help but pulled out
-9th Nov- tried to take Munich but was crushed by Bavarian Police
-14 Nazis killed
-Hitler imprisoned for 5 years, released after 9 months
Stresemann
-DVP
-Chancellor 1923 (great coalition- dvp, ddp, z, spd)
-Nov 1923 stepped down as chancellor but remained foreign minister
-died 1929
Stresemann’s economic actions
-called off Ruhr Passive resistance 1923
-released rentenmark Nov 1923 then Aug 1924 renamed Reichsmark backed by gold equivalent
-Reduced salaries of CS, Marx then sacked 300k in 1924
Dawes plan
-1924 July
-reparation manageable by:
>reduced annual amount to 1000 mill, increase to 2500 mill by 1929
>USA to lend 800mill marks
-French left Ruhr 1924-5
benefitted from econ recovery
-cartels= businesses who worked together etc
-living standards rose: 1927 real wages rose by 7% then 12% in 1928
-loans to finance schls: 1925= 178,930 dwellings built
lost out in econ recovery
-1928 dispute abt wages in coal/steel industries= locked out for 4 weeks
-unemployment= 1mill 1925, 3 mill 1926
-m/c were ruined by hyperinflation
-farmers= worldwide agricultural depression
Young Plan
-1929
-Ger pay reparations until 1988
-total reduced from £6.6bill to £1.8bill
-Br/ Fr leave Rhineland earlier
response to Young Plan
-Nationalist outrage
-Hugenburg (DNVP) & Hitler launched campaign against War Guilt Clause and recovery of taken areas
-4 mill signatures but Reichstag rejected it
Berlin Nightclubs (1924-8)
-Vibrant, gay, nude
-USA Jazz/ black music
-The Eldorado was called ‘a supermarket for eroticism’
-heavily criticised from the right
Art (1924-8)
-expressionism
-used as social commentary
-Franz Marc, Otto Dix
-the right thought they were untraditional
Music (1924-8)
-expressionism/ avoid tradition
-Hindesmith & Schoenberg were key ppl
-Right were critical as classical trad used for upper class
literature (1924-8)
-expressionist
-focused on internal mental state rather than external society
-Thomas Mann
-all quiet on the western front
-right didn’t like
Architecture (1924-8)
-Bauhaus 1919 was key in dev art etc
-Einstein building, Gropius etc
-right wouldn’t like as modern culture was seen as ungerman
Theatre (1924-8)
-Expressionism
-symbolic & political, attacked capitalism, nationalism, war
-The Threepenny Opera, Discator
-some ppl booed etc
Film (1924-8)
-Ger important for world cinema, modern techniques
-Blue Angel, Metropolis, Charlie Chaplin
-1926 Law was passed to protect children from Pulp Fiction and porn
social welfare reform
-1924 public assistance system modernised (help poor)
-1925 state accident insurance system (payments if injured at work)
-1927 National Unemployment insurance system (benefits for unemployed)
problems of social welfare reforms
-expensive and included pensions for 360k war widows and 900k orphans
-afforded it by sacking 300k CS and raising taxes
change in women’s employment/ opportunity
-constitution= equality in voting and education
-equal pay
-changing gender balance (2mill (young men) dead)
-war opportunities, 1923, 36% of workforce was female
continuity of women’s employment and opportunity
-civil code (1896) remained= husband decide fam life
-BDF promoted trad values
Change in women’s sexual freedom
-birth control more widely available
-divorce increased
-abortions increased e.g. 1 mill by 1930
continuity in women’s sexual freedom
-BR declines, attacked by conservative press as brith strike
-abortion was a criminal offence
-catholics/ protestants opposed bc etc
change in women’s political involvement in public life
-equal voting rights and right to reichstag deputies e.g. 1919, 41 female deputies
-women active in local govt
continuity in women’s political involvement in public life
-no female rep in reichstrat
-no female cabinet member
-only KPD made gender equality a part of manifesto
change in youth employment & opportunity
-fewer apprenticeships= unemployed
-1925 to 1926, 17% unemployed 14-21
-many joined gangs e.g. eagles claw
change in youth education
-aims to break these divides and provide free edu
-all children attended first 4 years of edu
-if pass exam go onto gymnasium 9elite schl), if not continue for 4 more years
continuity in youth education
-didn’t succeed in removing interference of church
-gymnasiums created class divisions
change in youth groups
-political groups became common e.g. young communist league
continuity in youth groups
-wandervogel= nature, mc boys who liked to hike and were nationalists
-church youth boys= promoted the church
change in jews in politics and public life (press)
-achieved prominence in many areas of Weimar culture (film etc), but also banking etc
-only 1% of pop
continuity in jews in politics and public life (press)
-had been well established in politics pre 1914 and this continued (largely lw)
-The Berliner Tageblatt (jewish newspaper)
-prominent in SPD/ KPD e.g. Rosa Luxemburg
change in jews in the economy
-became more successful in retail & other jobs e.g. law, doctors, academia
-e.g. Rothschild and other jewish families owned 50% of private banks
continuity in jews in banking
number of jews in banking declined, made up 18% of banking sector in germany (less than pre-1914)
change in jewish assimilation/ anti-semitism
-heightened through rw protests/ propaganda
-surged against Jewish financers during hyperinflation
continuity in jewish assimilation/ anti-semitism
-ideas of assimilation to Ger culture
-gave up relig aspects e.g. married non-jewish but was still seen as alien
