year 1- booklet 10,11,12 Flashcards
Nazi support
-Before 1929 was primarily the Mittelstand, white collar workers etc: worried abt communist, disillusioned with DNVP/DVP
-farmers: appealed to rural discontent, promise of higher prices etc
-general appeal to youth and women
female and youth support for nazis
-female= July 1932 higher F than M votes, 6.5mill, followed husbands lead
-youth= 1925-32 most under 29, SA was seen as commaradory/ rebel
rural & urban support for Nazis
-rural= promised tariffs, farmers mentioned in manifesto, promised higher prices, 68% of support in NW district
-urban= unsuccessful in gaining support as were less susceptible to propaganda
wc and mc support for Nazis
-wc= most voted left (unions), 1930 27% votes were manual labourers
-mc= feared communism (kpd= 5mill), new party untainted by republic, support from DNVP/ DVP
1932 Presidential election
-Hindenburg re-elected by 2nd round
-Hitler achieved 37%
-used plans: ‘Hitler over Germany’
-beat Hindenburg in rural areas
-w/c votes were critical (they swapped to KPD from SPD)
importance of Hitler for Nazi success
-undisputed control of party:
>leadership cult, charismatic/ opportunistic
-oratorical skills:
-long speeches, hypnotic, played on emotions
-opportunistic:
>messages changed depending on audience
importance of anti-semitism for nazi success
-jews used as scapegoats
-depression seen as ‘jewish capitalism’
-SA beat up jews
-HOWEVER: 2hr speech to business men= no antisemitism mentioned
importance of Propaganda for Nazi success
-Goebbels
-travelled by plane
-newspapers etc
-Hugenburg & Thyssen funded for propaganda etc
factors impacting the appeal of nazism
-power of the will: Nazis seen as force for change
-fuhrerpinzig: Hitler planned to destroy Weimar rep bc it was democratic etc
-struggle & war: conflict between races etc
-volksgemeinschaft: cultural revolution/ community
-national socialism: gain wc support but never committed to 25 point plan
-aggressive nationalism: Lebensraum needed
-anti-semitism: ‘parasite’ to germany
appeal of communism
-gained 2 mill votes, large in industrial areas, changed focus to the unemployed
-hunger marches against benefit cuts, Red Front as paramilitary wing
revolutionary communist ideology
-establish a workers state
-end cuts to benefits/ wages
-cooperation w/ USSR
-end military spending and legalise abortion
-thought depression was end of capitalism and revolution inevitable
-didn’t like SPD
KPD strengths
-propaganda worked- attacked SPD
-support peaked Nov 1932 w/ 16.9%
-success at street level
KPD weaknesses
-no revolution
-50% of members left in first few months of 1932
-no support from outside industrial
-unemployed= underfunded
-too focussed on SPD= ignore nazis
-scared ppl into voting Nazi
end of Bruning and Von Papen as chancellor
-Schleicher withdrew support and was fearful of Nazi uprising but govt needed Nazi support
-Hitler refused coalitions unless he was chancellor
-Hitler offered potential support if SA ban lifted & new election
-Bruning resigned May 1932, von papen replaced him
Von Papen
-hard right views
-increased presidential controls to near dictatorship
-SA ban lifted June 1932
-very little support in Reichstag- only DNVP
-election July 1932
July 1932 election
-moderates and DVP/DNVP lost votes
-Nazi vote grew from 18& to37% (mc, new voters) - this was their peak but still no maj
aftermath of July 1932 election
-Hitler rejected coalition
-Hitler only wanted to be chancellor
-passed no confidence in Von Papen
-new election Nov 1932
November 1932 election
-Nazis lost 2 mill votes to 33% (mc alienated by refusal to join coalition)
-Nazi funds exhausted
-KPD vote increased
-Von Papen was weak, no one supported him
Schleicher
-became chancellor dec 1932-jan 33
-Hindenburg put him in the role, was not backed by anyone else
-aimed to split the Nazis: Strasser (member of Nazis) offered Vice Chancellor
-hoped to gain SPD support: job creation, benefits implemented
-asked Hindenburg for dictorial powers
end of Schleicher as chancellor
-resigned after hindenburg refused to assign dictorial power
-Papen and Hitler negotiate, Hindenburg persuaded to put Hitler as Chancellor as thought could control
Hitler as Chancellor
-30th Jan 1933
-Von Papen= vice chancellor
-hugenburg= economy/ food
-only 2 other Nazis in cabinet (expected of a non-nazi dom govt)
use of Nazi terror
-SA expanded from 500k to 3mill in a year
-merged SA & Stalhelm
-violence on SPD & KPD, meetings, figures attacked
-concentration camps= Dachau March 1933, 70 camps by July
Reichstag fire
-Feb 27th 1933
-Van Der Lubbe (dutch communist)
-played into MC fears (Nazis portrayed it as start of revolution)
Decree for the Protection of the People and the State
-28th Feb 1933
-emergency powers
-arrest and detain w/o charge
-freedom of speech/ assembly suspended
-KPD/ SPD driven underground, KPD membership was treason
-10k communists arrested in 2 weeks
March 1933 election
-large propaganda schemes
-44% for Nazis (needed 2/3 to change constitution)
-DNVP allies 8%
-SPD/ KPD votes still held up well
Enabling act
-23rd March 1933
-pass decrees w/o president/ reichstag for 4 years
-Required 2/3 maj= Nazis and DNVP seats
-KPD excluded, SA intimidation, Z supported (guarantee of relig freedom)
-444 in favour (83%)
limits to Hitler
-Hindenburg
-economic crisis
-army
-aristocracy who feared a Nazi revolution and thought SA was a threat (Hitler needed economic growth so downplayed threat of SA)
-industrialists who feared the anti-capitalist rhetoric in Nazis
