YR 9 - Assesment 3: c1250-1900 Flashcards
Hospitals 1250-1500
• Many hospitals used by travellers and pilgrims as a place to stay and rest from their journey.
• The number of hospitals increased in the Middle Ages.
• 30% of hospitals were run by the church - monks and nuns worked there.
↳ As a result of the church’s beliefs, they did not treat their patients but focussed on praying and healing souls
• Few hospitals, like lazar homes, were specifically built for patients with infectious diseases - especially leprosy.
• Patients were given fresh food, plenty of rest, and them and their surroundings were kept clean.
• People with infectious disease or those who were terminally sick were not allowed in most hospitals.
Hospitals 1700-1900
(before the work of reformers)
— First cottage home (small buildings where nurses gave care and GPs prescribed to create a home treatment) opened in 1859.
* Due to the reformation (dissolution of the church) many hospitals were closed - later in the 19th century new hospitals, financed by charities and the local council, opened.
* Middle and upper classes could afford doctors to treat them at home.
* The elderly, sick, disabled and poor were forced to enter workhouses.
* Most hospitals tried to create home atmospheres - parents and visitors helped nurses look after patients.
Hospitals 1700-1900
(after the work of reformers)
— Due to the work of reformers like Florence Nightingale, hospital hygiene and organisation improved.
↳ nurses were better trained.
↳ Pasteurs germ theory led to better, improved hygiene.
* Nurses had a more important role, caring for patients and assisting doctors.
* Infirmaries (separate from workhouses) were set up for the poorest in society.
* Specialist hospitals (asylums for mentally ill people and fever homes for infectious diseases) developed.
The developments of the discovery/treatment of Cholera
— John Snow discovered the source of the infectious disease cholera (19th century)
* He provided evidence that cholera was spread through the water supply and not miasma.
* 1858 - government accepted Snow’s findings
↳ they invested in a new sewer system - designed by Joseph Bazalgette.
The limitations of the discovery/treatment of Cholera
— John snow discovered the source of the infectious disease cholera (19th century)
* He couldn’t scientifically prove his theory
* His theory only made sense after Pasteur/Koch’s theories.
* The Government and the General Board of Health initially rejected his theory
* 1858 - The ‘Great Stink’ also influenced the government and was still as significant. (The River Thames was low due to heat waves and exposed the stink of the raw sewage)
The developments of the preventions of Great Plague
— The institutions made precautions in an attempt to prevent the Great Plague from spreading. (1665)
* Local governments banned public meetings, fairs and large funerals
↳ Theatres were closed
* Mayor of London hired searchers and wardens.
↳ Searchers went house to house to see if plague victims were present - if plague was present in a house, inhabitants were quarantined for 28 days.
The limitations of the preventions of Great Plague
— The institutions made precautions in an attempt to prevent the Great Plague from spreading. (1665)
* Most methods of prevention were focused on the idea of miasma.
* No idea about what caused the plague or a cure.
* Still beliefs that God or astrology caused the plague .
The developments of the discovery/treatment of Smallpox
— Edward Jenner discovered a cure for Smallpox and created vaccinations (1797)
* He was a trained doctor who worked in many professions at a hospital.
↳ He used careful scientific method to test and prove his vaccination.
* British government promoted the vaccine.
↳ provided funding and set up a society to promote vaccination - later made it compulsory for everyone.
* He observed the pattern of cowpox and smallpox in dairy maids.
↳ planned his experiment carefully (1796 - injected local boy (James Phipps) with cow pox. 6 weeks later, injected him with small pox - didn’t catch it) then repeated it several times (on 23 locals) so he could be certain it wasn’t just a fluke.
The limitations of the discovery/treatment of Smallpox
— Edward Jenner discovered a cure for Smallpox and created vaccinations (1797)
• He was not able to explain how or why his theory worked
• People were not happy with the idea of injecting someone with an animal disease.
• The church stated that using animal diseases in human medical trials was against God’s will.
• Inoculators used their money and position in society to spread negative things about vaccinations - they weren’t happy to see their businesses destroyed.
• The Royal Society refused to publish his ideas since there was a lot of criticism on his ideas in the scientific community.
Why is the 19th century (1854, 1858 and 1859) significant?
1854 - When John was able to demonstrate a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water.
1858 - The Great Stink occurred and new sewage system was designed. (1875 - it was competed)
1859 - The first cottage home was opened.
Why is 1665 significant?
That was when the Great Plague occurred and when the institution made precaution in an attempt to prevent it from spreading any more.
Why is 1797 and 1796 significant?
1797 - Edward Jenner found a cure for smallpox and created vaccinations
1796 - When Edward Jenner experimented on locals to see if his vaccination actually worked.
