yr 4 orthopaedics- hip and knee anatomy Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
5 bones of the pelvic girdle
A
iliac ischium pubis saccruum coccyx
2
Q
other name for hip bone and what 3 bones make it up
A
innominate/ os coxa
- ischium
- iliac
- pubis
3
Q
what age does the ischiopubic ramus fuse
A
2-5 years
4
Q
what are the lateral markings of the hip (label)
A
Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine anterior inferior iliac spine anterior gluteal line posterior gluteal line inferior gluteal line acetabulum ischial tuberosity pubic tubercle posterior superior iliac spine greater sciatic notch posterior inferior iliac spine lesser sciatic notch obturator formaen ischiopubic ramus superior pubic ramus inferior pubic ramus
5
Q
label the acetabulum
A
- lunate surface
- acetabular fossa
- acetabular labrum
- ligamentum teres
6
Q
what are the anterior features of the hip
A
iliac fossa
auricular surface
pubic symphysis
7
Q
what are the anterior features of the femur
A
- femoral head
- femoral neck
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- interochanteric line
- foeva capitis
- patellar surface
- lateral epicondyle
- adductor tubercle
- medial epicondyle
- intercondylar notch
- gluteal tuberosity
8
Q
posterior features of the femur
A
- interochanteric crest
- linea aspera
- popliteal fossa
- medial and lateral condyle
- interconylar fossa
9
Q
label the anterior surface of the tibia
A
lateral and medial condule
tibial tuberosity
medial surface
intercondylar eminence
10
Q
label the posterior surface of the tibia
A
medial condyle
intercondylar eminence
lateral condyle
soleal line
11
Q
what 6 structures support the hip
A
3 external: iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligaement
3 internal:
ligamentum teres
transverse acetabular ligament
acetabular labrum
12
Q
what 7 movements can the hip do
A
flex and extension
medial and lateral rotation
abd and add
circumduction
13
Q
label the 3 external ligaments of the acetabulum
A
posterior isciofemoral
anterior 2 heads iliofemoral
inferior pubofemoral
14
Q
what nerve and action goes with each compartment of the thigh
A
anterior: femoral, extension of the hip, and flexion of the knee
medial: adductor and obturator nerve
posterior: flexion at hip and extension at knee=sciatic nerve
15
Q
label the 4 main bum muscles and what action do they have and what lines do they insert into
A
- gluteus maximum: extension of hip and posterior to posterior gluteal line and gluteal tuberosity
- gluteus medius:abduction, medial rotation/ between posterior and anterior gluteal line to greater trochanter
- gluteus minimus: between anterior and inferior gluteal lines to greater trochanter= abduction and medial rotation
- piriformis: from anterior surface of sacrum to greater trochanter= lateral rotation
16
Q
why are the piriformis related to sciatic nerve pain
A
because the sciatic nerve through, above or below this muscle
17
Q
what other muscles are deep to the glutes- external rotators
A
piriformis superior germellus obturator internus inferior germellus - quadratus femoris (lateral rotation of hip)
18
Q
what gait abnormality is related to the glutes
A
trendelenburg gait
19
Q
what muscles are in the anterior thigh compartment
A
rectus femoris vastus medialis vastus intermedius vastus lateralis sartorius iliopsoas pectineus
20
Q
action of gluteus maximus
A
extension of hip
21
Q
action of gluteus medius
A
abduction and medial rotation of hip
22
Q
action of gluteus minimus
A
abduction and medial rotation
23
Q
action of piriformis
A
lateral rotation
24
Q
what muscles form the iliopsoas
A
psoas major, psoas minor and iliacus
25
what actions do the anterior muscle compartments have and what are the 2 exceptions
flex the hip extend the knee
(except the sartorius that flexes the knee)
(pectineus doesnt affect the knee but also adducts
26
what actions does the sartorius have
flexes the hip and flexes the knee
| abduction and medially rotation at the knee
27
what actions does the pectineus have
flexes the hip and adductor the hip
28
label the psoas major and minor and what action do they have
come down from vertebra
| they are for hip flexion
29
what muscles are in the thigh medial compartment and what nerve innervates and what is their action
```
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
adductors
obturator nerve
```
30
what are the attachment points of the adductor longus
from body of pubis to middle 1/3 linea aspera
31
attachment points of adductor brevis
from anterior of ischiopubic ramus to lesser trochanter and proximal 1/3 linea aspera
32
attachment points of adductor magnus
from ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity to linea aspera and adductor tubercle
33
attachment point of gracilis
from ischiopubic ramusa and body of pubis to medial surface of proximal tibia
34
what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg and what nerve supplies them and what is their action
```
biceps femoris (long head and short head)
semitendinous
semimembranous
sciatic nerve
flex the knee extend the hip
```
35
where do all the posterior compartment of the thigh originate
ischial tuberosity (except short head of bf from distal 1/3 linea aspera)
36
insertion of biceps femoris
on head of fibula
37
insertion of semimembranous
inserts on posterior aspect of medial tibial condyle
38
insertion of semitendinous
inserts onto medial aspect of proximal tibia
39
what are the borders of the femoral triangle and the acronym to remember
```
NAVEL
nerve, artery, vein, empty, lymphatics
lateral= sartorius
top= inguinal ligament
medial= adductor longus
floor= profunda femoris
```
40
what are the 5 key supporting structures of the knee
```
quadriceps tendon (patellar)
patellar ligament
medial collateral ligament
oblique popliteal ligament (posterior)
lateral collateral ligament
```
41
where do all quadriceps insert into
become the quads tendon that becomes the patellar ligament and goes into the tibial tuberosity
42
what is the unhappy triad and why
medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
medial meniscus as the medial collateral is attached very firmly
43
what are the deep structures of the knee 4
meniscus
intercondyle eminence
cruciate ligaments (label by insertion point)
transverse ligament of the knee
44
function of mensci
dont slide off and shock absorbers
45
what do the meniscus insert into and what shape are they both
the intercondylar eminence
medial=c
lateral= circular
46
what muscle unlocks the knee and how
the popliteus muscle pulls on tibia to medially rotate it and unlock the knee
47
what is the popliteal fossa and what are its 4 contents and there order
```
rhomboid space in posterior of knee
medial to lateral
1. popliteal artery
2. pop vein
3. tibial nerve
4. common peroneal nerve
```
48
blood supply to thigh order and bifurcation / anatomical points
- abdominal aorta l4 to form common iliac arteries
- external iliac
- femoral artery at inguinal ligament
- profunda femoris branch
- popliteal artery when goes past knee/ adductor hiatus
49
when does the popliteal artery begin
at the adductor hiatus
50
label the 3 nerves on the hip
femoral
inferior
obturator nerve
then sciatic nerve off sacral plexus
51
what nerves does the sciatic nerve become
tibial and common peroneal (superficial and deep)
52
label a knee
```
meniscus
ligaments
intercondylar notch
intercondylar fossa
medial and alteral condyle and (epicondyle) front of femur
```
53
what are some differences between the male and female pelvis
```
male= narrow heart shaped, everted pubic arch, narrow sciatic notch, larger and oval obturator foramen
female= wider circular, not everted pubic arch, wider sciatic notch, narrower acetabulum, wide and shorter sacrum, smaller and triangular obturator foramen
```
54
where is the tubercle of the iliac crest located
lies opposite the 5th lumbar vetebrae
| 5cm posterior to the ASIS on the iliac crest
55
what is the highest point of the iliac crest
at the 4th lumbar vertebrae
56
what level does the posterior superior iliac spine lie at
level of the 2nd sacral spine at level of sacroiliac joint
57
what age does the ischial ramus fuse to the inferior ramus of the pubus
5-8 years
58
what age does the acetabulum fuse
11-15
59
how many primary centres of ossification are there for the inominnate and what are they
3
| ilium ischium and pubis
60
what are the 5 additional secondary centres of ossificaiton
2 with the iliac crest
one for the anterior inferior iliac spine
pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosity
61
how many primary and secondary centres of ossification does the femur have
```
one primary centre in the midshaft
4 secondary centres
-the femoral head
-the greater trochanter
-lesser trochanter
-the distal epiphysis forms both condules
```
62
what age do the epiphysis and diaphysis begin fusing and finish
at 12
| 20 years
63
what are the proximal and distal attachment points of the iliofemoral ligament
anterior inferior iliac spine and margin acetabulum to distal to interotrochanteric line
64
in what position is the hip most unstable
when fixed and medially rotated ie in flexion (as the ligaments uncoil when not in extension eg standing)
65
function of the ligamentum teres 3
prevent dislocation of the femoral head and to initiate a reflex action to prevent excessive movements and transmits blood vessels to the femoral head
66
what are the two parts and function of the adductor magnus
hamstring portion of adductor magnus= sciatic nerve and is an adductor and hip extensor
adductor portion of adductor magnus= obturator nerve and is an adductor and flexion of hip`
67
what is the primary ossification centre for the tibia and the 3 secondary centres
primary=diaphysis shaft
| secondary= proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis and for the ischial tuberosity
68
what is the primary ossification centre of the fibula and the 2 secondary
```
primary= shaft dipahysis
secondary= distal and proximal epiphysis
```
69
where is the suprapatellar bursa
under the quads tendon
70
Adductor tubercle sits where
Proximally posteriorly medially on femur
