ortho worksheets

Question 1

Describe the three stages of bone healing

Answer 1

haematoma : blood infiltrates 2 weeks
soft callus: after 2 weeks till 6 weeks
hard callus

Question 2

factors that slow down bone healing

Answer 2

smoking
interruption of blood flow eg macrovascular damage PAD,
NSAIDs

Question 3

physio’s role in recovery after injury

Answer 3

• improving independence and getting motility back=elderly

- getting range of movement back in young and elderly

Question 4

social ramifications of fractures

Answer 4

-young
-dominant head
-occupation
-loss of indepdence
-length of recovery spent immobilied
surgery versus conservative

Question 5

surgery versus conservative

Answer 5

• conservative need longer bed rest so if need to get back to work
• surgery have the risks

Question 6

distal radius fracture dorsal treatment

Answer 6

cast closed reduction

but if slips in cast then ORIF

Question 7

complications of distal radius fracture

Answer 7

mal-union in the wrist so reduced mobility

Question 8

3 types of nerve damage

Answer 8

neuropraxia: no axonal discontinuty, need to release pressure
- axontemesis: break in axon
- neurotemesis: break in nerve

Question 9

what nerve risks damage in distal radius fracture and what is this called

Answer 9

median nerve in carpal tunnel

-thenar eminence often spared as palmar cutaneous branch

Question 10

how to treat median nerve compromise

Answer 10

emergency reduction in ED

Question 11

2 types of wrist fractures that require operative intervention

Answer 11

volar translated

scaphoid risk of AVN

Question 12

4 watershed areas fracture

Answer 12

scaphoid
talus
NOF
head of humerus

Question 13

NOF # treatment for 
very elderly
elderlyish
young
if displaced intracapsular

Answer 13

v.elderly=hemi
elderly=totalhr
young=cannulated hip screw

Question 14

treatment intertrochanteric #

Answer 14

dynamic hip screw

Question 15

treatment undisplaced intracapsular nof #

Answer 15

cannulated hip screw

Question 16

subtrochanteric # treatment

Answer 16

intermedullary nailing

Question 17

2 classifications for ankle fractures

Answer 17

weber or salter harris

Question 18

weber ankle classification and meaning

Answer 18

always on the fibula
A=inferior to the syndesmosis, more stable, reduction/cast
B=at the level of the syndesmosis, depends stability, may require ORIF, possible medial fracture
C= superior to synesmosis, not stable, talar shift with usual medial malleous fracture need ORIF

Question 19

4 signs of OA on an x-ray

Answer 19

osteophytes
subchondral cysts
subchondral sclerosis
joint space narrowing

Question 20

what are the 3# of the 5th metatarsal and which is the watershed

Answer 20

avulsion# proximal
jones# =watershed area
mid-shaft#

Question 21

test for an achilles rupture

Answer 21

thomspon test- lie down and squeeze gastrocnemius and normally plantar flex the foot

Question 22

2 clinical findings of chronic carpal tunnel compression

Answer 22

wasting of the thenar eminence and

abductor pollicis brevis

Question 23

common causes of carpal tunnel

Answer 23

pregnancy
obesity
endocrine: fluid retain
hypothyroid
acromegaly
poor DM
rheumatoid a
synovitis

Question 24

what has to be divided for carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 24

flexor retinalculum

Question 25

what is unusual about scaphoid blood supply

Answer 25

all comes from the end so most proximal risk of avn

Question 26

3 things that block external rotation of the arm

Answer 26

adhesive capsulitis
posterior dislocation
glenohumeral OA

Question 27

3 things that block internal rotation of the arm

Answer 27

rotator cuff tear
impingement
adhesive capsulitis

Question 28

definition of OA

Answer 28

loss of articular cartilage and remodelling of subchondral bone

Question 29

primary and secondary risk factors for OA

Answer 29

primary: age, obesity
secondary: trauma, pathology past infection

Question 30

what hip muscles cause tredelenburg gait

Answer 30

abductor

gluteus maximus and minimus

Question 31

4 operative risks of arthroplasty

Answer 31

nerve injuries 
peri prosthetic infection
MI on table
DVT
chronic infection hip
dislocation
wearing needs revision

Question 32

3 knee injuries that increase the risk of OA

Answer 32

ACL
meniscus tear
tibial plateau fractures

Question 33

alternative to knee arthroplasty in young patient with knee arthritis of one knee compartment

Answer 33

tibial osteotomy to realign varus

Question 34

what is the sterile field and where are safest places for you to observe in theatre

Answer 34

lamina flow

Question 35

hazards in a theatre

Answer 35

radiation
needles
visers for splatter

Question 36

purpose of WHO checklist in theatre

Answer 36

check for allergies 
prophylactic risk
health conditions
check consent 
which side

Question 37

purpose of lamina flow

Answer 37

changes circulating flow of the air