locomotor anatomy yr 1 Flashcards
1
Q
function of upper and lower limbs versus
A
upper= mobility, manipulation, dexterity lower= stability, weight bearing and locomotion
2
Q
difference arm and forearm
A
arm is before the elbow and forearm below
3
Q
skeleton of the upper limbs
A
humerus, radius ulna, carpal, metacarpals, phalanges
4
Q
joints between carpals, metacarpals and phalanges 3
A
carpometacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal joint
interphalangeal joints
5
Q
what type of joints are the shoulder glenohumeral joint, elbow and wrist joint
A
ball and socket
hinge
ellipsoid
6
Q
compartments of the arm draw
A
skin deep fascia anterior flexor component humerus and intermuscular septa posterior extensor component
7
Q
comparments of the forearm draw
A
skin deep fascia anterior flexor component posterior extensor component intermuscular septa to radius interosseous membrane between ulna and radius
8
Q
arteries of the upper limb
A
subclavian axillary brachial radial ulnar deep palmar arch superficial palmar arch
9
Q
veins of the upper limb
A
subclavian axillary and cephalic venae comitantes of brachial artery venae comitantes of accompanying veins median cubital basilic off bracial dorsal venous arch
10
Q
number of vertebrae and nerves for each spinal level
A
cervical 7 and 8 thoracic 12 and 12 lumbar 5 and 5 saccral 5 and 5 coocygeal 4 and 1
11
Q
what is a plexus
A
complex recombination of axons as they rearrange themselves in passing from one area to another
12
Q
three main plexus and spinal nerve levels
A
brachial = c5 to t1 lumbar= l1 to l4 sacral= l4 to s3
13
Q
draw the brachial plexus
A
roots, trunks (upper mid low), divisions (lateral, post medial), terminal branches
musculocutaneous axillary median radial ulnar
14
Q
what do the musculocutaneous, axillary, median radial and ulnar nerve supply
A
musculocutaneous= all muscles in anterior compartment axillary= shoulder median= most anterior flexors in the forearm and thenar muscles in the hand radial= all muscules in posterior compartment of arm and forearm ulnar= most intrinsic muscles in hand, felxor carpi ulnaris and half of flexor digitorum profundus in forearm
15
Q
regions of lower limb
A
gluteal region femoral region knee region leg region foot region ankle talocural region
16
Q
what type of joints are the hip, knee and ankle talocural joint
A
ball and socket and hinge and hinge
17
Q
muscle compartment of the thigh
A
anterior compartment quadriceps
femur
posterior (hamstrings)
and a medial compartment (hip adductors)
18
Q
muscle compartment of the leg
4 in anterior
2 in posterior
2 in lateral
A
anterior (tibalis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius) posterior ( gastrocnemius and soleus deep too) lateral compartment ( fibularis longus and fibular brevis)
19
Q
action of anterior and posterior compartment in thigh
A
anterior= flexes at hip and extends at knee posterior= extends at hip but flexes at knee (except sartorius flexes at both)
20
Q
action of anterior and lateral compartment in leg
A
anterior= dorsiflexion foot lateral= plantarflexion foot
21
Q
arteries of the leg
A
femur popliteal fibular/peroneal anterior and posterior tibial dorsalis pedis plantar arch
22
Q
veins of lower limb
A
femoral
great saphenous (comes off femoral runs too foot)
popliteal
short saphenous
venae comitantes of posterior and anterior tibilar arteries
dorsal venous arch
23
Q
nerves of lower limb
A
sciatic (sacral), femoral (lumbar), obturator nerve (lumbar), tibial nerve (branch of sciatic) and common fibular (branch of sciatic)
24
Q
what type of joints are the elbow and knee
A
synovial hinge joints
25
what are the 2 joints in the elbow region
1. the elbow joint (ie the whole part)
| 2. the proximal radioulnar joint (pivot joint of radius attached to the ulnar)
26
draw the distal end of the humerus anterior view
```
radial fossa
coronoid fossa
lateral epicondyle
capitulum
trochlea
medial epicondyle
```
27
draw the distal end of the humerus posterior view
olecranon fossa
medial epicondyle
tochlea
lateral epicondyle
28
draw the proximal end of the ulnar anterior
```
olecranon
tochlear notch
radial notch
coronoid process
tuberosity of ulnar
supinator crest
```
29
draw the proximal end of the radius
head
neck
radial tuberosity
30
what ligaments stabilise the elbow joint
medial collateral ligament
| lateral collateral ligament
31
what movements does the proximal radioulnar joint have
pivot joint so rotational movement ie supination and pronation of the palm happens here
and sliding movement
32
what ligament holds the proximal radioulnar joint and where does it extend from
what function does it have
angular ligament
extends from ulnar to circle the radius
stops radius and ulna separating but allows radius to rotate
33
muscles that cause flexion and extension at elbow and nerves innervating
```
flexion= biceps brachii and brachialis deeper to biceps (mn) and brachioradialis (rn as posterior)
extension= triceps (rn)
```
34
muscles action on radioulnar joint and nerve
pronators (2)
supinators (2)
pronators and supinators
pronator teres (superifical muscle with medial border of cubital fossa)
and pronator quadratus (median nerve)
```
Supinator (deep muscle posterior compartment, winds laterally around proximal part of radius and attached to anterior surface( radial nerve
Biceps Brachii (very powerful supinator, inserts into radial tuberosity of radius) musculocutaneous nerve
```
35
number of bones in the hand
radius
8 carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges
36
what is the wrist joint called
radiocarpal joint
37
what joints are in the hand 5
```
radiocarpal joint
carpometacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal joints
interphalangeal joints
intercarpal joints
```
38
what are the 8 carpal joints in the hand and draw
```
SLTPTTCH
SCAPHOID
LUNNATE
Triquetrum
PISIFORM
TRAPEZIUM
TRAPEZOID
CAPITATE
HAMMATE
```
39
what are the 2 joints in the knee region
1. knee joint
| 2. proximal tibiofibular joint
40
draw the distal end of the femur anterior and posterior
anterior: lateral epicodyle
patellar surface
medial epicondyle
posterior: intercondylar fossa
41
what is a sesamoid bone, and give an example
bone formed within a tendon
| eg patella
42
what are the features of the patella
medial and lateral facets
| apex
43
draw the proximal end of the tibia ant and post
tubercules of intercondylar eminence
lateral condyle
tibila tuberosity
medial condyle
posterior: articular facet for fibula
44
draw the proximal end of the fibular
facet for articulation with inferior surface of lateral condyle of tibia
head
neck
45
what type of joint is the knee joint and what actions does it have
synovial MODIFIED hinge joint
| mainly flexion/ extension and slight rotation for "locking"
46
draw and name the 4 key features of the knee joint
synovial capsule
supratellar bursa
infrapatellar fat pad
articular surfaces
47
what 2 types of ligaments are there around the knee
1. extracapsular ligaments
| 2. intracapsular ligaments
48
what are the 2 types of extracapsular ligaments and what is their function
1. medial (tibial) collateral ligament: flat and part of joint
capsule
2. lateral fibular collateral ligament: cord-like and separate to capsule
-tighten in knee extension and loosen in flexion and re-inforce joint capsule
49
what are the 2 intracapsular ligaments and function
1. anterior cruciate ligament: prevents anterior tibial translation - attaches anterior to posterior
2. posterior cruciate ligament: prevents posterior tibial translation
50
what are the 2 fibrocartilaginous meniscus of the knee joint and what do they do
medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
| sit between the femur medial/ lateral condyles and tibial tubercules of intercondylar eminence
51
process of knee moving locking and unlocking
```
locking knee ie sit to stand
1. move knee into extension
2. lateral surfaces stop moving before the medial
3. femur rotates medially- locks
unlocking knee
1.active movement: popliteus muscle
```
52
what is the popliteus muscle function and anatomy
posterior surface of tibia, passes upwards and laterally to joint, lateral meniscus and lateral condyle
- acts to unlock by rotating femur laterally
53
what are the 4 quadriceps femoris muscles and draw and nerve supply
```
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius (deep to others)
vastus lateralis
rectus femoris (middle)
sartorius
```
femoral nerve
54
what are the 3 hamstrings and their nerve supply
sciatic nerve
1. biceps femoris
2. semimembranosus
3. semitendinosus
55
muscles of the leg posterior and nerve supply
gastrocnemius and soleus
| tibial nerve
56
nerve supply to popliteus muscle and function
unlock the leg (lateral rotation of femur on tibia)
| tibial nerve as posterior
57
what are the bones of the foot
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
58
name the tarsals 5
```
calcneus
talus
cuboid
navicular
cuneiforms
```
59
where do inversion and eversion take place
in the tarsal bones
60
what type of joints are the shoulder and hip
shoulder (glenohumeral) ball and socket
61
what does the shoulder joint articulate with
the shallow glenoid fossa
62
what does the hip joint articulate with
the deep fossa (acetabulum)
63
draw the anterior scapula
```
superior angle
medial border
lateral border
inferior border
coracoid process
glenoid cavity
infraglenoid tubercle
subscapular fossa
```
64
draw the posterior scapula
```
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
acromion
coracoid process
spine
```
65
draw the clavicle and describe articulations
lateral articulation with acromion
medial articulation with manubrium of sternum
conoid tubercle
trapezoid line
66
What movements can the scapula do 6
elevation and depression
protraction and retraction
lateral and medial rotation (arms up, arms down)
67
why can the scapula have so many movements
only articulates at the acromioclavicular joint otherwise no other articulations to the thorax
68
muscles that act on the scapula 2 and draw
| what is their role
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids- major and minor
-act to lift scapula in elevation
-also in rotation and retraction
69
draw the proximal end of the humerus anterior
```
head
lesser tubercle (anterior) part of the greater tubercle
anatomical neck
surgical neck
inter-tubercular groove
deltoid tuberosity
```
70
what other muscle acts on the scapula and where does it attach and what movements can it do
trapezius
- superifical muscle
- attaches to spine and acromion of scapula
- elevation retraction depression
71
Posterior of humerus anatomical features
```
head
anatomical neck
greater tubercle
surgical neck deltoid tuberosity
surgical groove for radial nerve
```
72
where does the joint capsule of the shoulder extend from and where to (2)
extends from margin of the glenoid fossa
- superior anatomical neck of humerus
- inferior surgical neck of humerus
73
label the capsule of the shoulder joint
```
acromium
coracoacromial ligament
coracoid process
glenoid fossa
glenoid labrum
```
74
out of the 3 factors from the lecture which ones affect stability of the shoulder joint
bony shape does not
capsule/ligamment does but less then the
muscle does the most
75
what are the 4 muscles in the rotator cuff group and draw
1. subscapularis
2. supraspinatus
3. infraspinatus
4. Teres minor
76
what is the function of the rotator cuff group
they attach the scapula to the proximal part of the humerus
| stabilise the shoulder joint by holding the humeral head firmly in the glenoid fossa
77
where is the origin and insertion of the subscapularis and what action
origin =medial partof the costal surface of the scapula
insertion= lesser tubercle of humerus
medial rotation and adduction of shoulder
78
where is the origin and insertion of supraspinatus, action
origin= supraspinatous fossa of scapula
insertion= superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
initiates abduction of shoulder
79
where is the origin and insertion of infraspinatus action
origin= infraspinatous fossa
insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation at shoulder
80
origin and insertion of teres minor and action
origin: posterior surface of scapula
insertion: inferior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation of shoulder
81
what is the deltoid muscle ie insertion and origins (3( and action 3
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
origin: acromion, spine of scapula, lateral third of clavicle
multipennate muscle
posterior: lateral rotation and extension
medial = abduction
anterior= medial rotation and flexion
82
what is the pectoralis major ie actions and attachments
adduction and medial rotation
| clavicular head and sternocostal head
83
order of deep to superficial muscles of scapula posterior
rotator cuffs: infra, supra, teres minor
alongside: rhomboids and levator scapula
superficial are the deltoid and the pectoralis major
84
what actions does the shoulder have and demonstrate
flexion and extension (bring in and out) horizontal
medial and lateral rotation (with bent elbow)
abduction and adduction in and out in vertical
circumduction
85
other name for hip joint
acetabulofemoral joint
86
bones of the hip bone 3
ilium
ischium
pubis
87
what bones act at hip joint 2
1. femur
| 2. hip bone: ilium ischium pubis all unite at middle of acetabulum
88
anterior and posterior articulation of hip bone
3. posteriorly articulates with axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint; anteriorly meets hip bone of opposite side a pubic smphysis to form bony pelvis
89
anatomical features of hip bone lateral
```
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Greater Sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic notch
upper part of ischial tuberosity
Ramus of Ischium
acetabulum
acetabular notch
Obturator foramen
```
90
anatomical features of the femur anterior and post
```
head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
(post interochanteric crest)
```
91
anatomical features of the acetabulum
acetabular notch with transverse acetabular ligament and acetabular foramen
fibrocartilaginous rim
92
3 ligaments of the hip joint and draw
iliofemoral ligament anterior superior
pubofemoral ligament anterior/post inferior
ischiofemoral ligament posterior superior
93
how do the ligaments of the acetabulum capsule act in extension and flexion
extension wind spiral tightly draws femur to hip to increase stability ie tight when standing so can stand for longer as don't have to rely on muscles
flexion loosens to increase mobility
94
3 factors affecting stability of the hip joint
mostly bony shape and ligaments
| but also muscle
95
movements at the hip 3 types
flexion
abd and add (out to the side)
internal and external rotation ie turning foot placement in or out
96
the 4 flexors acting on the hip and compartment of thigh and draw
1. iliopsoas (anterior)
2. sartorius ant
2. pectineus medial
4. rectus femoris anterior
97
iliofemoral triangle mneomic
NAVEL
femoral nerve, artery, vein empty space lymphatics
sartorius, inguinal ligament, adductor longus, pectineus
98
the 4 extensors acting on the hip and draw
1. biceps femoris laterally
2. semitendinosus
3. semimembranosus medially
4. gluteus maximum
99
the 2 abductors of the hip
1. gluteus medius
| 2. gluteus minimus
100
the 4 adductors of the hip and position
1. adductor longus most lateral
2. gracilis
3. adductor brevis deep lateral to longus
4. adductor magnus most medial
101
4 proximal and 4 distal carpal bones
proximal: sphenoid, lunnate, triquetrum, piriform
distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hammate
102
joints in the hand
```
intercarpal
interphalangeal joints proximal and distal
carpometacarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joints
radiocarpal joint
```
103
3 types of phalanges
proximal middle and distal phalanx
104
what are the 2 types of muscles of the hand
extrinsic and intrinsic
105
what are the extrinsic muscles of the hand
| action and origin and insertion
extrinsic muscles have their origin within the anterior or posterior compartment compartments of the forearm
-power grips as provide strength due too long tendons
pass through carpal tunnel
insert into the hand to move digits/ wrist
106
what are the intrinisc muscles of the hand origin and action
origin in the hand
| responsible for precision grips
107
movements of the hand
abd and add
flex and ext
opposition and reposition
108
which extrinsic muscles have tendons that enter the hand and how many tendons do they have each (3)
and draw
anterior:
flexor digitorum superficialis (middle 2 heads)
flexor digitorum profundus (deep medial)
flexor pollicis longus (deep lateral)
4 from each
109
what is the carpal tunnel and what is the floor and the roof
fibro-osseous tunnel
formed by carpal arch( floor)
and flexor retinaculum (rooof)
110
how many structures pass through the carpal tunnel
```
10 structures
4 tendons from flexor digitorum superificialis
4 from flexor digitorum profundus
1 from flexor pollicis longus
median nerve
```
111
what are the 3 main intrinsic muscle groups in the hand and draw
- palmaris brevis (ant lateral)
- thenar eminence (ant medial)
- palmar aponeurosis (ant middle
112
what are the 3 muscles of the thenar eminence and what nerve supplies them - draw
1. abductor pollicis brevis (middle)
2. flexor pollicis brevis (closest to fingers top)
3. opponens pollicis (bottom and deep to)
recurrent branch of the median nerve
113
what are the 3 muscles of the hypothenar eminence and what nerve supplies them-draw
1. abductor digiti minimi (deep lateral)
2. flexor digit minimi brevis (deep medial)
3. opponens digiti minimi (deep can only be seen medially to others)
ulnar nerve
all lateral deep to palmar brevis
114
where do the lumbricals originate and where do they attach and what action do they have and nerve control
orginate on tendons of FDP
attach to extensor expansion on radial side
-flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints
lateral 2= median nerve
medial 2=ulnar nerve
115
what is the adductor pollicis and what nerve
deep to thenar eminence muscles
two heads- transverse and oblique
ulnar nerve
116
draw nerve innervation of the hand
anterior:
median= middle
ulnar=lateral till 1/2 of 4th finger
radial= medial 1/2 of thumb
posterior=
radial up to 1/2 of 4th finger and bottom 1/3 fingers
then medial above that and ulnar lateral
117
what are the2 inteossei muscles and what do they do and nerve innervation
palmar interossei= adduction
dorsal interossei= abduction
PAD DAB
on posterior of hand so ulnar innervation
118
2 arches of the hand and their blood supply
deep palmar arch supplied by radial artery
| superficial palmar arch supplied by ulnar artery
119
venous drainage of the hand
dorsal venous network to basilic veins or cephalic veins to axillary vein
120
what does the median nerve supply in the hand
thenar eminence and lateral two lumbrical muscles
motor to lateral half of fdp
sensory to palm of hand and lateral 2 digits
121
what does the ulnar nerve supply in the hand
provides motor to hypothenar eminence medial two lumbricals, interossei and adductor pollicis muscle and palmar brevis
motor to medial half of fdp
sensory to medial digits
122
what is the borders of the anatomical snuff boxes and contents
posterior: extensor pollicis longus
anterior: abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis
contents: radial artery, base of first metacarpal, scaphoid, trapezium, radial syloid process, cephalic vein
123
what are the 3 main conditions with the hand
1. carpal tunnel syndrome
2. ulnar claw
3. hand of benediction
124
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
caused by compression of the median nerve causes inflammation
caused by repetitive movements ie occupational hazard, trauma, fluid retention
symptoms: tingling, paraesthesia in hand and loss of grip strength, atrophy of thenar eminence
125
what is ulnar claw
damage to ulnar nerve leads to permanent flexion of digits 4 and 5
remain hyperextended at the mcp joint and flexed at the IP joint due to paralysis of the medial two lumbricals
126
what is the hand of benediction
median nerve damage at the elbow
ask patient to clench fist
lateral two lumbricals are paralysed as well as lateral half of FDP
leaves inability to perform flexion at the mcp and ip joints of digit 2 and 3
