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othopaedics > locomotor anatomy yr 1 > Flashcards

locomotor anatomy yr 1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of upper and lower limbs versus

A 
upper= mobility, manipulation, dexterity
lower= stability, weight bearing and locomotion
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2
Q

difference arm and forearm

A

arm is before the elbow and forearm below

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3
Q

skeleton of the upper limbs

A

humerus, radius ulna, carpal, metacarpals, phalanges

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4
Q

joints between carpals, metacarpals and phalanges 3

A

carpometacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal joint
interphalangeal joints

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5
Q

what type of joints are the shoulder glenohumeral joint, elbow and wrist joint

A

ball and socket
hinge
ellipsoid

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6
Q

compartments of the arm draw

A 
skin
deep fascia
anterior flexor component
humerus and intermuscular septa
posterior extensor component
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7
Q

comparments of the forearm draw

A 
skin
deep fascia
anterior flexor component 
posterior extensor component
intermuscular septa to radius
interosseous membrane between ulna and radius
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8
Q

arteries of the upper limb

A 
subclavian
axillary
brachial
radial 
ulnar 
deep palmar arch
superficial palmar arch
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9
Q

veins of the upper limb

A 
subclavian
axillary and cephalic 
venae comitantes of brachial artery
venae comitantes of accompanying veins
median cubital 
basilic off bracial
dorsal venous arch
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10
Q

number of vertebrae and nerves for each spinal level

A 
cervical 7 and 8
thoracic 12 and 12
lumbar 5 and 5 
saccral 5 and 5
coocygeal 4 and 1
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11
Q

what is a plexus

A

complex recombination of axons as they rearrange themselves in passing from one area to another

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12
Q

three main plexus and spinal nerve levels

A 
brachial = c5 to t1
lumbar= l1 to l4
sacral= l4 to s3
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13
Q

draw the brachial plexus

A

roots, trunks (upper mid low), divisions (lateral, post medial), terminal branches

musculocutaneous
axillary
median
radial
ulnar
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14
Q

what do the musculocutaneous, axillary, median radial and ulnar nerve supply

A 
musculocutaneous=  all muscles in anterior compartment
axillary= shoulder
median= most  anterior flexors in the forearm and thenar muscles in the hand
radial= all muscules in posterior compartment of arm and forearm 
ulnar= most intrinsic muscles in hand, felxor carpi ulnaris and half of flexor digitorum profundus in forearm
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15
Q

regions of lower limb

A 
gluteal region
femoral region
knee region
leg region
foot region 
ankle talocural region
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16
Q

what type of joints are the hip, knee and ankle talocural joint

A

ball and socket and hinge and hinge

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17
Q

muscle compartment of the thigh

A

anterior compartment quadriceps
femur
posterior (hamstrings)
and a medial compartment (hip adductors)

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18
Q

muscle compartment of the leg
4 in anterior
2 in posterior
2 in lateral

A 
anterior (tibalis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius)
posterior ( gastrocnemius and soleus deep too)
lateral compartment ( fibularis longus and fibular brevis)
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19
Q

action of anterior and posterior compartment in thigh

A 
anterior= flexes at hip and extends at knee
posterior= extends at hip but flexes at knee (except sartorius flexes at both)
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20
Q

action of anterior and lateral compartment in leg

A 
anterior= dorsiflexion foot
lateral= plantarflexion foot
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21
Q

arteries of the leg

A 
femur
popliteal
fibular/peroneal
anterior and posterior tibial 
dorsalis pedis
plantar arch
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22
Q

veins of lower limb

A

femoral
great saphenous (comes off femoral runs too foot)
popliteal
short saphenous
venae comitantes of posterior and anterior tibilar arteries
dorsal venous arch

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23
Q

nerves of lower limb

A

sciatic (sacral), femoral (lumbar), obturator nerve (lumbar), tibial nerve (branch of sciatic) and common fibular (branch of sciatic)

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24
Q

what type of joints are the elbow and knee

A

synovial hinge joints

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25
Q

what are the 2 joints in the elbow region

A
  1. the elbow joint (ie the whole part)

2. the proximal radioulnar joint (pivot joint of radius attached to the ulnar)

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26
Q

draw the distal end of the humerus anterior view

A 
radial fossa
coronoid fossa
lateral epicondyle
capitulum 
trochlea
medial epicondyle
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27
Q

draw the distal end of the humerus posterior view

A

olecranon fossa
medial epicondyle
tochlea
lateral epicondyle

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28
Q

draw the proximal end of the ulnar anterior

A 
olecranon 
tochlear notch 
radial notch 
coronoid process 
tuberosity of ulnar 
supinator crest
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29
Q

draw the proximal end of the radius

A

head
neck
radial tuberosity

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30
Q

what ligaments stabilise the elbow joint

A

medial collateral ligament

lateral collateral ligament

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31
Q

what movements does the proximal radioulnar joint have

A

pivot joint so rotational movement ie supination and pronation of the palm happens here
and sliding movement

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32
Q

what ligament holds the proximal radioulnar joint and where does it extend from
what function does it have

A

angular ligament
extends from ulnar to circle the radius
stops radius and ulna separating but allows radius to rotate

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33
Q

muscles that cause flexion and extension at elbow and nerves innervating

A 
flexion= biceps brachii and brachialis deeper to biceps (mn) and brachioradialis (rn as posterior) 
extension= triceps (rn)
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34
Q

muscles action on radioulnar joint and nerve

pronators (2)

supinators (2)

A

pronators and supinators
pronator teres (superifical muscle with medial border of cubital fossa)
and pronator quadratus (median nerve)

Supinator (deep muscle posterior compartment, winds laterally around proximal part of radius and attached to anterior surface( radial nerve
Biceps Brachii (very powerful supinator, inserts into radial tuberosity of radius) musculocutaneous nerve
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35
Q

number of bones in the hand

A

radius
8 carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges

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36
Q

what is the wrist joint called

A

radiocarpal joint

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37
Q

what joints are in the hand 5

A 
radiocarpal joint
carpometacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal joints
interphalangeal joints
intercarpal joints
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38
Q

what are the 8 carpal joints in the hand and draw

A 
SLTPTTCH
SCAPHOID
LUNNATE
Triquetrum
PISIFORM
TRAPEZIUM
TRAPEZOID
CAPITATE 
HAMMATE
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39
Q

what are the 2 joints in the knee region

A
  1. knee joint

2. proximal tibiofibular joint

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40
Q

draw the distal end of the femur anterior and posterior

A

anterior: lateral epicodyle
patellar surface
medial epicondyle

posterior: intercondylar fossa

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41
Q

what is a sesamoid bone, and give an example

A

bone formed within a tendon

eg patella

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42
Q

what are the features of the patella

A

medial and lateral facets

apex

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43
Q

draw the proximal end of the tibia ant and post

A

tubercules of intercondylar eminence
lateral condyle
tibila tuberosity
medial condyle

posterior: articular facet for fibula

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44
Q

draw the proximal end of the fibular

A

facet for articulation with inferior surface of lateral condyle of tibia
head
neck

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45
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint and what actions does it have

A

synovial MODIFIED hinge joint

mainly flexion/ extension and slight rotation for “locking”

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46
Q

draw and name the 4 key features of the knee joint

A

synovial capsule
supratellar bursa
infrapatellar fat pad
articular surfaces

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47
Q

what 2 types of ligaments are there around the knee

A
  1. extracapsular ligaments

2. intracapsular ligaments

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48
Q

what are the 2 types of extracapsular ligaments and what is their function

A
  1. medial (tibial) collateral ligament: flat and part of joint
    capsule
  2. lateral fibular collateral ligament: cord-like and separate to capsule
    -tighten in knee extension and loosen in flexion and re-inforce joint capsule
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49
Q

what are the 2 intracapsular ligaments and function

A
  1. anterior cruciate ligament: prevents anterior tibial translation - attaches anterior to posterior
  2. posterior cruciate ligament: prevents posterior tibial translation
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50
Q

what are the 2 fibrocartilaginous meniscus of the knee joint and what do they do

A

medial meniscus and lateral meniscus

sit between the femur medial/ lateral condyles and tibial tubercules of intercondylar eminence

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51
Q

process of knee moving locking and unlocking

A 
locking knee ie sit to stand
1. move knee into extension
2. lateral surfaces stop moving before the medial 
3. femur rotates medially- locks
unlocking knee
1.active movement: popliteus muscle
52
Q

what is the popliteus muscle function and anatomy

A

posterior surface of tibia, passes upwards and laterally to joint, lateral meniscus and lateral condyle
- acts to unlock by rotating femur laterally

53
Q

what are the 4 quadriceps femoris muscles and draw and nerve supply

A 
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius (deep to others)
vastus lateralis 
rectus femoris (middle)
sartorius

femoral nerve

54
Q

what are the 3 hamstrings and their nerve supply

A

sciatic nerve

  1. biceps femoris
  2. semimembranosus
  3. semitendinosus
55
Q

muscles of the leg posterior and nerve supply

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

tibial nerve

56
Q

nerve supply to popliteus muscle and function

A

unlock the leg (lateral rotation of femur on tibia)

tibial nerve as posterior

57
Q

what are the bones of the foot

A

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

58
Q

name the tarsals 5

A 
calcneus
talus
cuboid
navicular
cuneiforms
59
Q

where do inversion and eversion take place

A

in the tarsal bones

60
Q

what type of joints are the shoulder and hip

A

shoulder (glenohumeral) ball and socket

61
Q

what does the shoulder joint articulate with

A

the shallow glenoid fossa

62
Q

what does the hip joint articulate with

A

the deep fossa (acetabulum)

63
Q

draw the anterior scapula

A 
superior angle
medial border
lateral border
inferior border
coracoid process
glenoid cavity 
infraglenoid tubercle 
subscapular fossa
64
Q

draw the posterior scapula

A 
supraspinous fossa 
infraspinous fossa
acromion
coracoid process
spine
65
Q

draw the clavicle and describe articulations

A

lateral articulation with acromion
medial articulation with manubrium of sternum
conoid tubercle
trapezoid line

66
Q

What movements can the scapula do 6

A

elevation and depression
protraction and retraction
lateral and medial rotation (arms up, arms down)

67
Q

why can the scapula have so many movements

A

only articulates at the acromioclavicular joint otherwise no other articulations to the thorax

68
Q

muscles that act on the scapula 2 and draw

what is their role

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboids- major and minor
-act to lift scapula in elevation
-also in rotation and retraction

69
Q

draw the proximal end of the humerus anterior

A 
head
lesser tubercle (anterior) part of the greater tubercle
anatomical neck
surgical neck 
inter-tubercular groove
deltoid tuberosity
70
Q

what other muscle acts on the scapula and where does it attach and what movements can it do

A

trapezius

  • superifical muscle
  • attaches to spine and acromion of scapula
  • elevation retraction depression
71
Q

Posterior of humerus anatomical features

A 
head
anatomical neck
greater tubercle
surgical neck deltoid tuberosity
surgical groove for radial nerve
72
Q

where does the joint capsule of the shoulder extend from and where to (2)

A

extends from margin of the glenoid fossa

  • superior anatomical neck of humerus
  • inferior surgical neck of humerus
73
Q

label the capsule of the shoulder joint

A 
acromium
coracoacromial ligament
coracoid process
glenoid fossa
glenoid labrum
74
Q

out of the 3 factors from the lecture which ones affect stability of the shoulder joint

A

bony shape does not
capsule/ligamment does but less then the
muscle does the most

75
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the rotator cuff group and draw

A
  1. subscapularis
  2. supraspinatus
  3. infraspinatus
  4. Teres minor
76
Q

what is the function of the rotator cuff group

A

they attach the scapula to the proximal part of the humerus

stabilise the shoulder joint by holding the humeral head firmly in the glenoid fossa

77
Q

where is the origin and insertion of the subscapularis and what action

A

origin =medial partof the costal surface of the scapula
insertion= lesser tubercle of humerus
medial rotation and adduction of shoulder

78
Q

where is the origin and insertion of supraspinatus, action

A

origin= supraspinatous fossa of scapula
insertion= superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
initiates abduction of shoulder

79
Q

where is the origin and insertion of infraspinatus action

A

origin= infraspinatous fossa

insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation at shoulder

80
Q

origin and insertion of teres minor and action

A

origin: posterior surface of scapula
insertion: inferior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation of shoulder

81
Q

what is the deltoid muscle ie insertion and origins (3( and action 3

A

Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
origin: acromion, spine of scapula, lateral third of clavicle
multipennate muscle
posterior: lateral rotation and extension
medial = abduction
anterior= medial rotation and flexion

82
Q

what is the pectoralis major ie actions and attachments

A

adduction and medial rotation

clavicular head and sternocostal head

83
Q

order of deep to superficial muscles of scapula posterior

A

rotator cuffs: infra, supra, teres minor
alongside: rhomboids and levator scapula

superficial are the deltoid and the pectoralis major

84
Q

what actions does the shoulder have and demonstrate

A

flexion and extension (bring in and out) horizontal
medial and lateral rotation (with bent elbow)
abduction and adduction in and out in vertical
circumduction

85
Q

other name for hip joint

A

acetabulofemoral joint

86
Q

bones of the hip bone 3

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

87
Q

what bones act at hip joint 2

A
  1. femur

2. hip bone: ilium ischium pubis all unite at middle of acetabulum

88
Q

anterior and posterior articulation of hip bone

A
  1. posteriorly articulates with axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint; anteriorly meets hip bone of opposite side a pubic smphysis to form bony pelvis
89
Q

anatomical features of hip bone lateral

A 
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Greater Sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic notch
upper part of ischial tuberosity 
Ramus of Ischium 
acetabulum
acetabular notch
Obturator foramen
90
Q

anatomical features of the femur anterior and post

A 
head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
(post interochanteric crest)
91
Q

anatomical features of the acetabulum

A

acetabular notch with transverse acetabular ligament and acetabular foramen
fibrocartilaginous rim

92
Q

3 ligaments of the hip joint and draw

A

iliofemoral ligament anterior superior
pubofemoral ligament anterior/post inferior
ischiofemoral ligament posterior superior

93
Q

how do the ligaments of the acetabulum capsule act in extension and flexion

A

extension wind spiral tightly draws femur to hip to increase stability ie tight when standing so can stand for longer as don’t have to rely on muscles
flexion loosens to increase mobility

94
Q

3 factors affecting stability of the hip joint

A

mostly bony shape and ligaments

but also muscle

95
Q

movements at the hip 3 types

A

flexion
abd and add (out to the side)
internal and external rotation ie turning foot placement in or out

96
Q

the 4 flexors acting on the hip and compartment of thigh and draw

A
  1. iliopsoas (anterior)
  2. sartorius ant
  3. pectineus medial
  4. rectus femoris anterior
97
Q

iliofemoral triangle mneomic

A

NAVEL
femoral nerve, artery, vein empty space lymphatics
sartorius, inguinal ligament, adductor longus, pectineus

98
Q

the 4 extensors acting on the hip and draw

A
  1. biceps femoris laterally
  2. semitendinosus
  3. semimembranosus medially
  4. gluteus maximum
99
Q

the 2 abductors of the hip

A
  1. gluteus medius

2. gluteus minimus

100
Q

the 4 adductors of the hip and position

A
  1. adductor longus most lateral
  2. gracilis
  3. adductor brevis deep lateral to longus
  4. adductor magnus most medial
101
Q

4 proximal and 4 distal carpal bones

A

proximal: sphenoid, lunnate, triquetrum, piriform
distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hammate

102
Q

joints in the hand

A 
intercarpal 
interphalangeal joints proximal and distal
carpometacarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joints
radiocarpal joint
103
Q

3 types of phalanges

A

proximal middle and distal phalanx

104
Q

what are the 2 types of muscles of the hand

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

105
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the hand

action and origin and insertion

A

extrinsic muscles have their origin within the anterior or posterior compartment compartments of the forearm

-power grips as provide strength due too long tendons

pass through carpal tunnel

insert into the hand to move digits/ wrist

106
Q

what are the intrinisc muscles of the hand origin and action

A

origin in the hand

responsible for precision grips

107
Q

movements of the hand

A

abd and add
flex and ext
opposition and reposition

108
Q

which extrinsic muscles have tendons that enter the hand and how many tendons do they have each (3)

and draw

A

anterior:
flexor digitorum superficialis (middle 2 heads)

flexor digitorum profundus (deep medial)

flexor pollicis longus (deep lateral)
4 from each

109
Q

what is the carpal tunnel and what is the floor and the roof

A

fibro-osseous tunnel
formed by carpal arch( floor)
and flexor retinaculum (rooof)

110
Q

how many structures pass through the carpal tunnel

A 
10 structures
4 tendons from flexor digitorum superificialis
4 from flexor digitorum profundus
 1 from flexor pollicis longus 
median nerve
111
Q

what are the 3 main intrinsic muscle groups in the hand and draw

A
  • palmaris brevis (ant lateral)
  • thenar eminence (ant medial)
  • palmar aponeurosis (ant middle
112
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the thenar eminence and what nerve supplies them - draw

A
  1. abductor pollicis brevis (middle)
  2. flexor pollicis brevis (closest to fingers top)
  3. opponens pollicis (bottom and deep to)
    recurrent branch of the median nerve
113
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the hypothenar eminence and what nerve supplies them-draw

A
  1. abductor digiti minimi (deep lateral)
  2. flexor digit minimi brevis (deep medial)
  3. opponens digiti minimi (deep can only be seen medially to others)
    ulnar nerve
    all lateral deep to palmar brevis
114
Q

where do the lumbricals originate and where do they attach and what action do they have and nerve control

A

orginate on tendons of FDP
attach to extensor expansion on radial side
-flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints
lateral 2= median nerve
medial 2=ulnar nerve

115
Q

what is the adductor pollicis and what nerve

A

deep to thenar eminence muscles
two heads- transverse and oblique
ulnar nerve

116
Q

draw nerve innervation of the hand

A

anterior:
median= middle
ulnar=lateral till 1/2 of 4th finger
radial= medial 1/2 of thumb

posterior=
radial up to 1/2 of 4th finger and bottom 1/3 fingers
then medial above that and ulnar lateral

117
Q

what are the2 inteossei muscles and what do they do and nerve innervation

A

palmar interossei= adduction
dorsal interossei= abduction
PAD DAB
on posterior of hand so ulnar innervation

118
Q

2 arches of the hand and their blood supply

A

deep palmar arch supplied by radial artery

superficial palmar arch supplied by ulnar artery

119
Q

venous drainage of the hand

A

dorsal venous network to basilic veins or cephalic veins to axillary vein

120
Q

what does the median nerve supply in the hand

A

thenar eminence and lateral two lumbrical muscles
motor to lateral half of fdp
sensory to palm of hand and lateral 2 digits

121
Q

what does the ulnar nerve supply in the hand

A

provides motor to hypothenar eminence medial two lumbricals, interossei and adductor pollicis muscle and palmar brevis
motor to medial half of fdp
sensory to medial digits

122
Q

what is the borders of the anatomical snuff boxes and contents

A

posterior: extensor pollicis longus
anterior: abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis
contents: radial artery, base of first metacarpal, scaphoid, trapezium, radial syloid process, cephalic vein

123
Q

what are the 3 main conditions with the hand

A
  1. carpal tunnel syndrome
  2. ulnar claw
  3. hand of benediction
124
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome

A

caused by compression of the median nerve causes inflammation
caused by repetitive movements ie occupational hazard, trauma, fluid retention
symptoms: tingling, paraesthesia in hand and loss of grip strength, atrophy of thenar eminence

125
Q

what is ulnar claw

A

damage to ulnar nerve leads to permanent flexion of digits 4 and 5
remain hyperextended at the mcp joint and flexed at the IP joint due to paralysis of the medial two lumbricals

126
Q

what is the hand of benediction

A

median nerve damage at the elbow
ask patient to clench fist
lateral two lumbricals are paralysed as well as lateral half of FDP
leaves inability to perform flexion at the mcp and ip joints of digit 2 and 3

othopaedics (21 decks)

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