yr 12 assessment 2 PE Flashcards
Front: What is the role of epidemiology?
Back:
Studies patterns and causes of health conditions.
Identifies trends and risk factors.
Helps in resource allocation and policy-making.
Front: What are the key measures of epidemiology?
Back:
Mortality: Death rates in a population.
Infant Mortality: Deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births.
Morbidity: Rate of illness and disease.
Life Expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live.
Front: What can epidemiology tell us?
Back:
Trends in diseases and health conditions.
High-risk groups and major causes of death/illness.
Effectiveness of health interventions.
Front: What are the limitations of epidemiology?
Does not account for social, mental, and emotional health.
May not explain health determinants.
Can be influenced by data collection methods.
Front: How do we interpret health data?
Use tables and graphs to compare health trends.
Identify changes in life expectancy and mortality/morbidity.
Compare differences between male and female health outcomes.
Front: What factors determine priority health issues? SPP
Social Justice Principles: Equity, access, and rights for all.
Priority Population Groups: Focus on disadvantaged communities.
**Prevalence **of Condition: Common diseases get priority.
Potential for Prevention & Early Intervention: Targeting preventable diseases.
Costs to Individuals & Community: Economic and social burden.
Front: Which groups experience health inequities in Australia?
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Rural and remote populations.
Overseas-born individuals, elderly, and people with disabilities.
Front: Why are social justice principles important in health prioritisation?
Back:
Ensures fair access to healthcare.
Reduces health inequities among populations.
Promotes overall community well-being.
Front: What causes health inequities?
Sociocultural: Family, peers, media, culture.
Socioeconomic: Income, education, employment.
Environmental: Access to healthcare, location.
Front: What are the major chronic diseases affecting Australians?
Back:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD). (includes heart disease, stroke, etc.)
Cancer (skin, breast, lung).
mental health issues.
Front: What are risk and protective factors for chronic diseases?
Risk Factors: Poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption.
Protective Factors: Healthy diet, physical activity, regular screenings.
Front: How does an ageing population affect the workforce?
Workforce shortages in the health sector.
Increased reliance on aged care workers.
Pressure on younger workers to support retirees.
Front: What challenges does an ageing population create?
Increased chronic disease and disability rates.
Higher demand for healthcare services.
Shortage of carers and volunteers.
Front: What are the different types of healthcare services?
Public hospitals, private hospitals, GPs, allied health services. Aged care, mental health services, rehabilitation facilities.
Front: Why has complementary health care grown?
Greater focus on holistic health.
Increased access to natural and traditional medicine.
Dissatisfaction with conventional treatments.
Front: What are key concerns in Australian healthcare?
Equity of access to services.
Balancing health expenditure with prevention efforts.
The cost and accessibility of emerging treatments.
Front: What are the advantages of Medicare?
Free or subsidised treatment in public hospitals.
Covers essential medical services.
Accessible to all Australians.
Front: What are the advantages of private health insurance?
Shorter waiting times for elective surgeries.
Choice of doctor and hospital.
Covers extras like dental and physio.
Front: How can consumers make informed choices about alternative healthcare?
Research scientific evidence and regulations.
Consult healthcare professionals.
Look for accredited practitioners and reviews.
Front: CVD – Nature, Risk Factors & Groups at Risk
Nature: Affects heart and blood vessels (heart attacks, strokes, hypertension). Leading cause of death in Australia.
Extent: High mortality and morbidity, major health burden, higher in older adults.
Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, inactivity, poor diet.
Protective Factors: Regular exercise, balanced diet, no smoking, stress management, routine check-ups.
Determinants:
Sociocultural: Family history, cultural diet patterns, alcohol use.
Socioeconomic: Low income → poor diet, limited healthcare.
Environmental: Air pollution, lack of exercise spaces.
Groups at Risk: Males 45+, Indigenous Australians, low SES, smokers, people with family history.
Front: Cancer – Causes, Impact & Prevention
Nature: Uncontrolled cell growth; skin cancer most common, lung cancer highest mortality, breast cancer major concern for women.
Extent: Leading cause of morbidity and mortality, high rates in Australia due to sun exposure.
Risk Factors: UV exposure (skin), smoking (lung), alcohol, genetics (breast), poor diet.
Protective Factors: Sunscreen, no smoking, regular check-ups, early detection, healthy diet.
Determinants:
Sociocultural: Family history, lack of awareness, attitudes toward screening.
Socioeconomic: Low income → less access to screenings/treatment.
Environmental: UV exposure, workplace hazards (asbestos, chemicals).
Groups at Risk: Outdoor workers (skin), smokers (lung), women 50+ (breast), low SES individuals.
Front: Diabetes – Causes, Impact & Prevention
Nature: Chronic condition affecting insulin production (Type 1 genetic, Type 2 lifestyle-related).
Extent: Rising prevalence, particularly Type 2 due to obesity rates.
Risk Factors: Obesity, poor diet, inactivity, genetics, high sugar intake.
Protective Factors: Balanced diet, exercise, weight control, routine blood sugar tests.
Determinants:
Sociocultural: Family history, cultural diet preferences.
Socioeconomic: Low SES → poor diet, limited access to healthcare.
Environmental: Lack of access to fresh food, limited exercise spaces.
Groups at Risk: Indigenous Australians, low SES individuals, overweight people, elderly.
Front: Respiratory Diseases – Causes, Impact & Prevention
Nature: Includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung infections.
Extent: Significant burden, major cause of hospitalizations, worsened by smoking and pollution.
Risk Factors: Smoking, pollution, exposure to irritants (dust, chemicals), genetics.
Protective Factors: No smoking, improved air quality, vaccines, regular check-ups.
Determinants:
Sociocultural: Family history, smoking prevalence.
Socioeconomic: Low income → poor healthcare, higher pollution exposure.
Environmental: Air pollution, workplace hazards (dust, fumes).
Groups at Risk: Smokers, children (asthma), elderly, Indigenous Australians, industrial workers.
Front: Injuries – Causes, Impact & Prevention
Nature: Includes road accidents, workplace injuries, falls, drowning, violence.
Extent: Major cause of death and disability, common in young males.
Risk Factors: Alcohol/drug use, risk-taking behavior, unsafe environments, lack of safety measures.
Protective Factors: Seat belts, helmets, workplace safety laws, public awareness campaigns.
Determinants:
Sociocultural: Risk-taking attitudes, peer pressure, alcohol culture.
Socioeconomic: Low SES → poorer workplace safety, limited healthcare.
Environmental: Poor road conditions, lack of safety infrastructure.
Groups at Risk: Males 15–24, elderly (falls), rural workers, low SES communities.
Front: Mental Health – Causes, Impact & Prevention
Nature: Includes anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
Extent: Rising rates, major cause of disability, linked to suicide rates.
Risk Factors: Stress, trauma, genetics, social isolation, substance abuse.
Protective Factors: Social support, mental health education, therapy, healthy coping mechanisms.
Determinants:
Sociocultural: Stigma, family breakdown, cultural attitudes.
Socioeconomic: Low SES → less access to mental healthcare.
Environmental: Work stress, unstable housing, community support.
Groups at Risk: Young people, Indigenous Australians, low SES, LGBTQ+, rural populations.
Organisations that use epidemiology
- Government Agencies:• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS): Gathers data on health trends, population health, and epidemiological studies.
• Department of Health and Aged Care: Uses epidemiology for public health policy and management.
• State and Territory Health Departments: Monitor and respond to local health issues (e.g., NSW Health). - Research Institutes:
• The Kirby Institute (UNSW): Focuses on infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmissible infections.
• The Burnet Institute: Uses epidemiology for global and public health research, particularly in infectious diseases and harm reduction.
• - Universities and Academic Centres:
Q: What are the inequities in coronary heart disease prevalence among Indigenous Australians?
A: CHD is 2.8 times higher among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared to non-Indigenous Australians (men 2.5 times higher, women 3.7 times higher).
Q: How do socioeconomic factors contribute to inequities in coronary heart disease?
A: Socioeconomic factors like affordability of healthcare, barriers to education, and lifestyle behaviors influence the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Q: How does culture affect access to healthcare for coronary heart disease?
A: Lack of access to culturally competent and sensitive healthcare professionals creates barriers to effective cardiovascular care for Indigenous Australians.
Q: Why are priority population groups important in health promotion?
A: Focusing on priority groups like Indigenous Australians, socio-economically disadvantaged, rural residents, and people with disabilities helps improve health outcomes for the entire population.
Q: How is melanoma preventable and what role do health determinants play?
A: Melanoma is preventable through lifestyle changes like sun safety education, and health determinants like education and peer influence shape these behaviors.
Q: Why is cardiovascular disease a priority health issue in Australia?
A: Cardiovascular disease has high prevalence rates, creating a significant health and economic burden on the community, making it a priority health issue.
Q: What are the direct costs of coronary heart disease?
A: Direct costs include financial expenses for medical services, pharmaceuticals, and funding medical research and prevention initiatives.
Q: What are the indirect costs of coronary heart disease?
A: Indirect costs include lost productivity, premature death, insurance costs, and retraining programs for replacement workers.
Q: What are the priority issues for improving Australia’s health?
A: Priority issues include high levels of preventable chronic diseases, injury, mental health problems, and the challenges posed by an aging population.
Q: What role do healthcare facilities play in achieving better health outcomes for Australians?
A: Healthcare facilities provide essential medical services, and complementary/alternative healthcare approaches can improve overall health and well-being.
Q: What is carbohydrate loading, and when is it used by athletes?
A: Carbohydrate loading is a technique used before competition to maximize energy stores, ensuring optimal performance during competition.
Q: How does hydration affect athletic performance?
A: Hydration is crucial for maintaining energy, performance levels, and preventing dehydration during intense physical activity.
Q: What is the role of post-performance nutrition?
A: Post-performance recovery aims to replenish lost nutrients, particularly glycogen and electrolytes, to aid recovery and restore energy levels.
Q: What is the purpose of a cool-down in recovery?
A: A cool-down helps the body return to a relaxed state, reduce muscle tension, and minimize metabolic by-products from intense exercise.
Q: What are the stages of skill acquisition in sports?
A: The stages are cognitive (learning the skill), associative (refining the skill), and autonomous (performing the skill automatically).
Q: Why is sleep important for athletes’ recovery?
A: Sleep facilitates the restoration of both physical and mental health, helping athletes recover fully and stay motivated.
Q: How does hydrotherapy aid in muscle recovery?
A: Cold water immersion reduces swelling and the perception of fatigue, while hot water immersion increases blood flow and helps relaxation.
Q: How does prior experience impact skill acquisition?
A: Learners with prior experience can apply their existing knowledge and skills to new sports, making them quicker to acquire new skills.
Q: How do tactical and strategic development enhance performance?
A: Developing specific strategies and set patterns of play helps athletes perform successfully under competitive conditions.
Q: What is the difference between open and closed skills?
A: Open skills occur in unpredictable environments (e.g., tennis), while closed skills happen in stable, predictable environments (e.g., gymnastics).
Q: What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic feedback?
A: Extrinsic feedback comes from an external source like a coach, while intrinsic feedback is self-evaluated by the athlete.
Q: What is the difference between validity and reliability in performance tests?
A: Validity refers to how accurately a test measures what it is meant to measure, while reliability refers to whether the test produces consistent results over time.
