youth subculture (mocks)

Question 1

subcultures related to hybridity - hybridity in action - cashmore

Answer 1

cashmore - studied gangster Rap which is the ultimate hybridity of music. As it is in the top charts for Jamaica, New York and LA. this has coursed it to evolve and adapt between countries.

this hybridity supports the postmodernist idea of fluidity

Question 2

subcultures related to hybridity - white wannabes

Answer 2

Nayak - white working class boys are adopting the style and language of black culture. listen to hip-hop and Rap. 
eg. ail g

Question 3

subcultures related to hybridity - modern primitives

Answer 3

found in the US and western Europe.

• more neo-tribes (postmodernists) because they have a loose membership and focus on self expression/ the individual
• characteristics - tattoos, body modifications and piercings’ - linked to a less complicated way of living

vale and Juno - body mods = reaction to feeling powerlessness from living a fast changing world and help regain control and power over their bodies.

Question 4

subcultures related to hybridity - change in music and fashion

Answer 4

many ethnic groups have influences on music = create new genres (Reggie, rock + roll, ska)

Hebdige - British subcultures are succession of differential response to black immigrates presence in Britain. (link to nayak)

Question 5

Rastafarians and reggae culture - (hebdige)

Answer 5

less exclusive to youths than most
associated with Jamaican + Caribbean culture - reggae, dreadlocks, red, green and gold
religious beliefs rooted in Africa- including smoking marijuiana to gain a new spirtal level

hebdige - resistance to white culture and racism - political and spiritual movement

Question 6

brasian culture

Answer 6

a fusion of British and Asian culture
music = mix of rap, pop and dance music = bhangramuffins
they refuse to accept a subordinate place in society and wish to celebrate their culture

Johal - empowerment through differences + codeswitching

Question 7

subcultures related to hybridity - resistance or hybridity

Answer 7

Rastafarians’ are an example of resistance to white racisms
Brasians culture show more hybridity

mercer - hair within black culture has a symbolic meaning as they emphasis their black identity with afros and dreads but also show imitation with straightened hair (too simplistic)

Question 8

cultural exchange or cultural appropriation

Answer 8

Elvis Presley - criticised for stealing black music leading subcultures to be criticised for the same thing.

cultural exchange = positive and understanding
cultural appropriation = negative and stealing - modern primitives’ (tattoos from Chinese culture + dreadlocks)

Question 9

cultural appropriation - Hutnyk

Answer 9

• power differentials at work as western culture stripes the symbolism and plus cultural exchange suggest it a two way process which is not true.

Question 10

Marxists and neo - Marxists views of youth subcultures

Answer 10

spectacular youth subcultures + conflict theory - challenge neo-marxist
CCCS
- Gramsci and concept of hegemony - the ruling class ideology dominance the subordinate class. - youth subcultures form because of social and economic situational factors
youth experience the same social conditionings
1960-70’s = youth experience unemployment and at other time work opportunities - so rise to resists the ruling class.

Question 11

Marxist views on deviant subcultures

Answer 11

CCCS saw deviant behaviour is carried out by young males in subcultures as a form of resistance against society’s control and a reaction to their identity being threatened.

lea and young - 3 explanations for crime and deviance

1. relative deprivation - deprived compared to others, media course it, applies to youth more.
2. maraginalisation - youth have a lack of power and respect
3. subculture - 1+2 led to youths forming subculture to deal with feeling of frustration

Question 12

interactionism views on deviant subcultures

Answer 12

deviance = social construct - as mainstream society defines behaviors/people as deviant

e. g. young working class male by police media and public
- this affects how they treat themselves and others

Question 13

Becker - interactionism - deviant subcultures

Answer 13

labelling relates to power as people in power can make labels stick. e.g. labels given by people given to young people led a change in behaviour.

Question 14

cicourel - interactionalism - deviant subcultures

Answer 14

observe police in two cities and found 3 stages of dealing with potential deviances
1. stop + interrogate
2. arrest
3. see if they fit the typical delinquent. -
each stage has a effect on the individual and is linked to class and is described as a negative process