socialisation, culture and identity (mocks)

Question 1

define culture

Answer 1

the norms and values of society

Question 2

define a subculture

Answer 2

is a culture enjoyed by a small group within a society that have distinct norms and values to the majority of society.

Question 3

higher culture

Answer 3

higher culture is linked with the upper class and elite individual in society and those who have an ascribed status. 
they tend to operate with social closure

Question 4

popular culture

Answer 4

popular culture refers to activities that are enjoyed and accessible to the masses.

• media creates popular culture
• popular culture takes from higher culture and popularises it

Question 5

consumer culture

Answer 5

consumer culture is the consumption on good and services made in society.

• is rapidly becoming accessible / acceptable as it is reinforced by the media.
• though to be used by individuals to form an acceptable identity

Question 6

global culture

Answer 6

when activities and trends become universal. therefore they are distinctive in different countries and made the world more interconnected

• also know as globilisation

Question 7

cultural hybridity

Answer 7

cultural hybridity is when two or more cultures merge or cross over
e.g. brasians

Question 8

cultural diversity

Answer 8

cultural diversity refers to differences or variations between cultures or within cultures.

Question 9

define social control

Answer 9

a mechanism in which our behavior is controlled. These behaviors are reinforced with positive sanctions and discouraged with negative sanctions

Question 10

formal mechanisms of social control

Answer 10

• institutions that directly and explicitly control the behavior of the population, via passing and enforcing laws. - people are aware they are happening

education = formal element to control - legal requirement to attend and behavior codes
workplace = official discipline procedures and codes of conduct
sanctions - warning from police, sentences, dismissal frim work and exclusion from school

Question 11

informal mechanisms of social control

Answer 11

informal mechanisms = these control our behavior more subtly
eg. peer groups, media, education, religion, workplace and family

sanctions = social exclusion (peer group), disappointed reactions from parents, being passed over for a promotion at work, celebrities being criticised in magazines

Question 12

elements of a social construct

Answer 12

not fixed 
created by society 
different in different cultures - cultural relative 
laws define them 
temporally relative - change over time

Question 13

gender is not a social construct - biological view - Wilson

Answer 13

Wilson - reproduction requires a man to be promiscuous “ spread the seed “
- women need to nurture one child and stay faithful to the father to ensure his help in its upbringing

Question 14

Parsons -gender is not a social construct - functionalist view

Answer 14

parsons - women have an expressive role based of their childbearing role

• men have an instrumental role (breadwinner and protector) based on their physical strength but also reinforced by socialisation
  these roles are functional to society

however - sociologists argue that gender is a social construct learnt through socialisation but changeable e.g. Tchambuli tribe by mead - complete opposite gender roles

Question 15

gender as a social construct - feminist view

Answer 15

social constructed by the patriarchal - a male dominated society creates and reinforces stereotypes of how males and females should be.

family contributed to this but is not the only factor of socialisation

peer groups- monitor and regulate acceptable behaviours - Hey = teenage girl friendship groups norms are deeply rooted in the patriarchy and expectations on how girls should be

Question 16

mac an ghail - feminist view

Answer 16

boys learn how to be men in peer groups and regulate each others sexuality - gender power of hyper- masculinity was the main source of their identity. (valued the 3f’s fighting, football and fucking)

Question 17

Ann Oakley - gender as a social construct

Answer 17

feminist - socialised into gender roles by their families in 4 ways

1. manipulation = a consistent encouragement of stereotypically expectable behaviours (norms)
2. canalisation - parents channeling the childs interests towards toys and activities considered for their gender
3. verbal appellation - giving nicknames that reinforce gender expectations
4. different activities - encouraging children to participate in activities around the home that are stereotypical.

Question 18

ladette culture - theorys

Answer 18

Jackson - ladettes also spent time drinking, smoking and swearing because of a fear if they didn’t they be uncool

Denscombe - increase in female risk taking behaviour and how it was link to ladette culture where women wanted to be anything but the stereotypical women.

Question 19

connell - masculinity

Answer 19

a range of masculine identities nowdays
hegemonic masculinity - most common = breadwinner, dominant and aggressive
subordinate masculinity - homosexual males
marginalised masculinity - unemployed men
not fully accepted as real masculinity

Question 20

define laddishness

Answer 20

specific form of musicaline behaviour (hang out, not trying in school and hardness)