paper 1 -2022 Flashcards
twin studies
nature
- Bouchard
- identical twins separated at birth and raised separately - reunited as adults
- Oskar - Germany and catholic faith
- jack - Caribbean and Jewish faith
- many similarities = likes and dislikes (fav foods) and personalities (mannerisms)
genie
nurture
girl that almost had no human contact for 13 years
shut in a room and strapped to a potty chair
father claim to do it to protect her as she was mentally retarded by it was unclear if this was a result of the isolation
found that she was able to make human attachments but never learnt how to speak fluently
stayed in intuitional care
nurture
upbringing and environment
genie
nature - what studies support
genes
twin studies
Hamar tribe
live in ethiopia
culture rich in ceremony ritual
male perform ceremony where they leap onto the backs of cattle and run across them
the women are whipped before this ceremony to prove their devotion to them
define culture
the norms and values that are expected within a society
define norms
are expected patterns of behavior that are based on the values of a culture.
define values
are the beliefs and ideas that are seen as important and accepted in society
define a subculture
is a culture enjoyed by a small group within a society that have distinct norms and values to the majority of society.
higher culture
- linked with the upper class and elite individual in society and those who have an ascribed status. they tend to operate with social closure
popular culture
refers to activities that are enjoyed and accessible to the masses.
- media creates popular culture
- popular culture takes from higher culture and popularises it
consumer culture
is the consumption of good and services made in society.
- used by individuals to form an acceptable identity
-a result of the increasing availability and the consumption of goods and services.
-excessive consumption and debt are regarded as acceptable and normal
-encouraged and reinforced by the media
conspicuous consumption - the consumption of branded good to construct an identity and gain status
global culture
when activities and trends become universal. therefore they are distinctive in different countries and made the world more interconnected
- also know as globilisation
cultural hybridity
cultural hybridity is when two or more cultures merge or cross over
e.g. brasians
cultural diversity
refers to the differences or variety found in societies.
can be seen both between cultures (intercultural diversity) and within Cultures (intracultural diversity)
define social control
a mechanism in which our behavior is controlled. These behaviors are reinforced with positive sanctions and discouraged with negative sanctions
define formal mechanisms of social control
- institutions that directly and explicitly control the behavior of the population, via passing and enforcing laws. - people are aware they are happening
example and effects of formal mechanisms of social control
education =legal requirement to attend and behavior codes
workplace = official discipline procedures and codes of conduct
sanctions - warning from police, sentences, dismissal from work and exclusion from school
police, court and criminal justice system, government and the military = passing and enforcing laws that directly and explicitly control the behavior
military - rarely used in UK, however military tactics used at time of civil unrest
religion - within families and communities, sanctions = public exclusion
informal mechanisms of social control
informal mechanisms = these control our behavior more subtly
eg. peer groups, media, education, religion, workplace and family
sanctions = social exclusion (peer group), disappointed reactions from parents, being passed over for a promotion at work, celebrities being criticised in magazines
Steve Taylor - socialisation, identity and culture
pick and mix identity
I.D. = endless shopping mall of values, norms and apperance.
not only consumption but family, media, peers etc. creating ID.
elements of a social construct
not fixed created by society different in different cultures - cultural relative laws define them temporally relative - change over time context dependent
Margret mead - culture, socialisation and identity
studied tribal cultures in Samoa and New Guinea
found different gender role expectations
Arapesh tribe = both genders were gentle and cooperative
Mundugumor tribe = both genders were violent and aggressive
Tchambuli tribe = opposite gender roles than in the US
Bourdieu - popular culture
argues that the distiniction between higher culture and popular culture is the power of the group who support and access them
higher culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes
media is important in creating and spreading popular culture
nayak
white wannabes
Ali G - Eminem
Bourdieu - identity
class fractions-determined-varying degrees of
1. cultural capital - knowledge, attitudes, skills, education + advantages = higher status in society.
2.economic capital - economic resources
3. social capital - resources based on group membership, relationships, networks of influence and support
-ruling class has the power to shape what we value + are in a position to acquire + pass on capital
-all capitals interrelate - one type of capital allows you obtain the others
however cultural capital is consider more significant - ascribed + difficult to achieve higher levels without parents helping
Brasians
a hybrid identity - mix between Asian and British
traditional aspects of south Asian culture - religion, henna tattoos or bhangra music
British values, music and fashion
McLuhan
argued even in the 1960’s the world had become a smaller place.
we live in a global village
driven by multinational companies, travel, globally accessible media and the internet.
quinn - sexuality and identity
studied same sex relationships in tribal people
native American tribes celebrate same - sex marriages where one partner in male relationships would take on the ‘berdache’ role or in female relationships one would adopt the dominant ‘amazon’ female warrior.
sub-Saharan African people have man-boy marriage ceremonies
weeks - sexuality and identity
sexual identity is more significant for homosexuals than heterosexuals
sexual identification is complex - not all people who have had same-sex encounters, identify as homosexual
reiss - sexuality and identity
1961 study
found that young male prostitutes or rent boys, regarded themselves as heterosexual, despite having sex with men for money, and they actively despised the men as a way of neutralising their behaviour.
the kinsey report - sexuality and identity
37% men had a homosexual experience but less than 4% were exclusively homosexual
Mary Mclntosh - sexuality and identity
once a male has accepted the label of or identity of homosexual, he will start to fulfill these expectations. the label creates the behaviour.
plummer - sexuality and identity
The homosexual career
it is not the sexual attraction that creates the homosexual, but the internalisation of the identity of homosexual
rich - sexuality and identity
women are forced into heterosexuality by men to ensure they are available to men
Laud Humphries - tea room trade
studied sex in public restrooms between two men - observation and interview
behavior was consider illegal - so didn’t identify himself as a research but a watch queen
produced a detailed encounter of 50 events out of hundreds
found patterns in the events - little conversation and role assumed based on age
had 50 “cooperative participants” and used number plates and a different identity for the rest
interviewed on health survey a year later
compared 50 interviews with people outside the tearoom and found that they were similar
argue tearooms were a victimless crime and they should stop arresting them
childhood
- period of innocence, dependence and vulnerability in the UK but in other countries young children may be working or fighting as soldiers
- not a universal stage but a social construct that is relative
- media portrays children as vulnerable victims or delinquents
- some argue that children have to grow up faster today but until the mid 20th century, childhood was much shorter.
postman - what is youth
spread of literacy made adults better able to shield children from various aspects of adult life, like disease, death and issues of sexuality.
thus the innocent child was created.
he argues the emergence of the media has threatened childhood and caused it to ultimately disappear.
the disappearance of childhood
blames the media - expose children to adult world to young
so youth is starting younger and younger
but also ends later as people stay in education for longer and get married later
toxic childhood - sue palmer
increased media consumption among younger groups has blurred the boundaries between childhood and adulthood, meaning children can easily access adult content and their innocence therefore diminishes
youth
- associated with 12 to 25 year olds
- socially constructed as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood (varies between cultures and time )- hamar tribe (ceremony)
- time of resistance or rebellion
- biological changes
- involvement in education rather than work = lack of responsibilities
- importance of peer group
margaret mead - youth
argued that the storm and stress associated with youth is culturally specific and not found in all cultures,
however, her findings and methodology have been questioned
young adulthood and middle age
normally characterized by career and family.
most people form relationships, have children and establish their careers during this time, often moving into their own home and becoming independent from their parent.
tends to be associated with those in their 40-50’s
Bradley - middle age
argued it has higher status than youth or old age
as middle age people are running the country and hold power at work.
however, middle age is also seen as a negative time as youth is lost and old age comes closer. it is sometimes associated with negative ideas
such as mid-life crisis and empty nest syndrome.
hockey and james - Old age
growing up and growing old - infantilization
research in a retirement home showed old age being socially constructed in the same way as childhood
corner- old age
the media show the elderly as a burden
this has led to negative language being used to describe themselves
postmodernists on old age
people living and working longer, anti-ageing products and procedures and the extension of youth show how age is more fluid and less significant today
Featherstone and Hepworth
Featherstone and Hepworth
media images of age have been a source of negative stereotypes but as the population is now ageing these are set to improve.
retro fashions and comeback tours of bands from the past have blurred the boundaries between the life courses
define socialisation
is the process by which an individual learns the norms and values of society.
can be divided into primary and secondary socialization
continues throughout the individuals lifetime
primary socialisation
the first and most important stage of learning that happens in our early years of life (0-5)
agents = family
example of its affects = Oxanna and genie (feral children)
secondary socialisation
the continuation of socialization after the age of 5.
agents = peer groups, education, religion, media, workplace
family as an agent of primary socialization
children learn through imitation of the parents (learn norms + values)
parents are role model - so model their behaviour
able to learn what is acceptable or unacceptable through trail and error
parents apply sanctions to show what behaviours are desirable
positive sanctions = praise
negative sanctions = telling off (form of social control)
peer group - secondary socialization
similar age range - include friends
most important from 5 to 18 years old - most time spent with peers then
learn acceptable behavior - desire to fit in or conformity
more influential than parents within school years
often hierarchies - some leaders with a higher status than followers
source of rebellion - youth subcultures - resist norms and values
education - secondary socialisation
overlap with peer groups
formal curriculum - lessons
informal/hidden curriculum - sanctions teach obedience , authority is taught through school structure
teachers mainly pass on the norms and values in school but also learn our place in society
media - secondary socialisation
always growing - also argued to be the most important
influence stereotypes - Mulvey - male gaze
concerns of media influence on violence within society
influences culture e.g. consumer culture
Mulvey
use the concept - male gaze to describe how the camera in films eye up female characters
encourages viewers to assess their bodies and their attractiveness from a male perspective
religion - secondary socialization
on the decline as society has become more secular
however, can be argued that norms, values, laws, morals and customers are influenced by the Christian religion
multi-faith society - religion may influence some groups more than others
Modood and Berthoud - religion and ethnicity
surveyed young people 67% of pakistanis and bangladeshis saw religion as very important compared to 5% of white british youth individual raised Muslim, Hindu, Sikh saw religion as more important Christian congregations (uk) are made up of mainly African-Caribbean and eastern European - not universal influence
workplace - secondary socialisation
key agent for adults
considered resocialisation - new set of norms and values
formal = dress code, code of conduct - reinforced with sanctions
informal = colleagues resocialise sanction unacceptable behaviour and make expectations clear.
waddington
canteen culture = the set of norms and values that people who work in a particular origination will be socialized to accept , so that certain behavior, language and attitudes become the norm
e.g. racism with the police = individual police office start to think or behavior racist as they are socialized through the canteen culture.
define identity
is often defined as how you see yourself but our identity is both social and personal as it marks us out as different from other but also emphasizes our similarities.
Ghumann - religon
tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second generation Asians in the UK
also socialized into the extended family with an emphasis on duty, loyalty, honor and religious commitment
Gilroy - ethnicity and identity
Black Atlantic - used to describe the identity of young black people as their identity was not specifically rooted in the UK or in their country of origin.
also argued that the shared experience of racism and powerlessness can transcend different backgrounds and histories creating a black identity that black individuals in the UK and US can relate to.
teddy boy’s
1950's - London (to begin with) music = rock n roll, jump blues, r&b, and shuffle music issue = class inequalities, unemployment fashion = Edwardian era fashion, zoot suits, waistcoat, creepers, pocketknife, pompadour style hair
teddy boys rebellion
rebelled against American rock and roll
coursed moral panic as they were seen as the 1st teenage rebellion and antisocial group
rioted in cinema at the release of a bill Halsey
also know for racist views and attacking immigrants
punks
1970’s emerged - rapidly grow in 1980’s
fashion = DIY ethics/ upcycling - bin liners as clothes + safety pins as piercings
music = indie, heavy metal, rock and punk - used to emphasis the anger + aggression they felt
punks rebellion
anti-establishment views - individual freedom and anti-consumer culture
rebelled against social conditions of the 1970’s through confrontational and aggressive style and aesthetic
used their fashion to shock and offend the mainstream culture
new romantics
1980’s
music = punk rock, glam rock stars (David bowie)
fashion = theatrical clothing, influenced by Charles 3rd, girls suits boys lace, eyeliner and blazers with puffy sleeves
new romantics - rebellion
gender issues - cross dressing, embraced androgyny, also though sexuality should be ambiguous
criminal acts - didn’t commit crimes but their actions were very controversial - David bowie had very controversial political views as was pro-fascist
skinheads
1960’s
music - ska-punk (ghost town)
issues - extreme working class masculinity
fashion - manual worker clothes, rolled jeans, big bots with steel toe caps
skinheads rebellion
football hooliganism
focused on reclaiming territory
macho men
aggressive and racist view = linked Nazis
believed their working class identities were under threat due to economic conditions - over emphasis their status as a form of resistance
subcultures related to hybridity - hybridity in action - cashmore
cashmore - studied gangster Rap which is the ultimate hybridity of music. As it is in the top charts for Jamaica, New York and LA. this has coursed it to evolve and adapt between countries.
this hybridity supports the postmodernist idea of fluidity
subcultures related to hybridity - white wannabes
Nayak - white working class boys are adopting the style and language of black culture. listen to hip-hop and Rap. eg. ail g
Hewitt - ethnic identities
considered white backlash against multiculturalism policies designed to achieve equality - perceived as unfair to the white community. white working class person under economic pressure - anger at the positive discrimination in favor of ethnic minorities. feel like they need to defend their ethnic identity
spencer et al - ethnicity and identity
growing number of white ethnic minorities - origins from eastern Europe
suggested that eastern European migrants spend little time socializing with British people
found that they weren’t allowed in their circles - operate with social closure.
Dawney et al - ethnicity and identity
found evidence of racism against European migrants in the rural community
largely came from the perceived threat and fear of numbers that didn’t necessarily have a basis in reality
resistance or hybridity -sociologists
the response of those from ethnic minorities to rascism may be to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection.
- cashmore and troyna
- James
- Jacobson
Cashmore and troyna -ethnicity and identity
there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards.
to seek support support from within their own ethnic minority as a response to racism that they experience.
thus religion and culture may be strengthened, as they become key source of identity and support
Winston James - ethnicity and identity
the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African- Caribbean’s in the UK.
cultural differences based on their island of origin and have been divided based on the darkest of skin , a hierarchy of color imposed by colonialism
however in the UK the common experience of racism have draw African Caribbean’s together.
organized around the black label - as a resistance to racism
Jacobson - ethnicity and identity
young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.
young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and a strong Muslim identity give the a sense of stability and security
positively embrace the identity as a form of defense and resistance to marginalization and racism
not absorbed through the family but consciously constructed
hybrid not resistant identities
ethnic identities have become more hybrid
ethnic minorities and white British origins are all influenced by each others identities and by the media.
hybridity is not simply the mix between two cultures as studies have suggested it is a more complex process.
changing ethnic identities - sociologists
modood
postmodernism
back
brah
modood
a number of generational differences over the issue of identity
second generation ethic minorities from both African Caribbean and Asian backgrounds felt more British that their parents but still see their ethic origin as a key part of their identity
postmodernists on changing ethnic identities
that in a globalized and media saturated society
identity is all about choice - everyone can create their own identity
because of hybridity ethnicity is becoming less clear cut and less significant.
however some sociologist would disagree and suggest that ethnicity and race are still sources of discrimination and hugely affect identity
back - neighborhood nationalism and cultural hybridity
ethnographic study of 2 estates in London
found cultural hybridity but not just in black youths
white youth attracted to aspects of black culture
local youths from ethnic backgrounds - shared identity of neighborhood nationalism - feeling of solidarity and common identity with people in the area
cultural code switching - brah
young British Asians are skilled cultural code switchers - more appropriate way to see their identities than hybrid or a cross between cultures
clear cut and homogeneous between being British and Asian
experience conflict and culture clash
find ways to successfully negotiate their own identity
national identities
national identity - often considered in a wider as the identity of a whole country however an individual also had an national identity that may affect the way they see themselves
national identities identity is often expressed through supporting your national team in sport but also through pride in the anthem and flag, and through language.
national identities can be confusing for British people as often as English and British are often seen as synonymous but for someone from wales, Scotland or northern Ireland there is a clear distinction - as historically they have been positioned as subordinate
Anderson - nationality and identity
nation is an imagined community, in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members, and so national identity is socially constructed through symbols such as flags and anthem, and rituals such as national holidays
was socially constructed when developments in printing technology led to mass circulation of newspapers and books - created a national language.
Kumar - nationality and identity
discussed the fact that, unlike the scots, the welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is elusive
long history of English as an imperial people has developed a sense of missionary nationalism, which in the interest of unity and empire, has necessitated the repression of ordinary expressions of nationalism.
so he argues the quest to expand Britishness may have diluted Englishness
gender as a social construct
relates to nature nurture debate
some argue that there are biological differences between males and females.
but other argue gender is socially constructed
Wilson - gender as a social construct
biological view
the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous
“spread the speed”
women however need to nurture one child so need to stay faithful to the father - to ensure his help in upbringing.
parsons - gender as a social construct
functionalist view
female = expressive role in the family - a natural childbearing role reinforced by socialization
males= instrumental role = breadwinner and protector - natural because of their physical strength but also reinforced through socialization.
