exploring inequalities (mocks)

Question 1

liberal feminism - gender inequalities

Answer 1

equal rights + opportunities for all in the workplace, education and politics through legislation
gender inequalities are caused by the socialisation of gender roles
equality can be achieved by legal and cultural reforms - most progress has already been made.
men are not the oppressors and can help with the changes

Question 2

Ann Oakey - LF - gender inequalities

Answer 2

gender inequalities begin in the family because of socialisation.
teach children to accept the norms and values of their gender role.
manipulation - encouraging gender appropriate behaviour
canalisation - encouraging activities + toys that seem gender appropriate

Question 3

weaknesses of LF - gender inequalities

Answer 3

MF + RF = fail to explain why their is a gender inequalities in the first place (patriarchy or capitalism)
legalisation is not far enough - revolutionary change
postmodernists - Oakley ideas are outdated - no longer fixed gender norms
Connell - some children resist traditional stereotypes.
over optimistic
neglects a wider range of women - only looks at educated professional women

Question 4

strengths of LF theory of gender inequalities

Answer 4

Oakley’s work has been praised for explaining inequalities that are still evident today

there is research support from sue sharp - just like a girl - aspirations of young girls have changed - moms to education and occupation
- however not very representative

Question 5

Marxist feminists theories of gender inequalities

Answer 5

social class affect the life chances of women + capitalism oppresses women 
family = patriarchal - women role of mom + wife led them to be exploited by capitalism 
people are encouraged to accepted the dominant ideology of the nuclear family leads to inequalities. 
nuclear family = ideal structure, inequalities fair / legitimate as capitalisms is seem as meritocratic

Question 6

freely - MF - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 6

women produce the next generation of workers

• family socialises the members to accept traditional gender roles
• passive not rebellious
• view women as subordinate in the family/ work place, through the patriarchy

Question 7

Benston - MF - theory of gender inequality

Answer 7

women’s domestic work is unpaid

• benefits capitalisms as only one wage has to be paid
• women are dependent on men
• if they work it would redistribute the wealth
• women take care of the husband allowing them to work harder and capitalism to run smother
• critics the nuclear family

Question 8

Ansley - MF - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 8

women soothe the stresses of the proletariats after a hard day of work

• women act as a safety value and the taker of shit
• stop the husbands frustrations as it can be taken out on the wife

Question 9

dalla costa and james - MF - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 9

women are exploited and oppressed as they are not paid for domestic work.

• if paid for domestic work there would be a massive redistribution of wealth
• led to a debt if domestic work or fulltime caring was work or a role.

Question 10

Bruegel - MF - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 10

women act as a reversed army of labor

• family is central to women oppression
• the ruling class use women in the working class when needed and send them back later on
  e. g. ww2 or in a recession
• women are most affected by redundancies

Question 11

evaluations of the Marxist feminist’s theory of gender inequalities

Answer 11

• too much emphasis on social class and ignore other factors impacting women
• postmodernist - class is no longer significant
• RF - critical of the emphasis of capital exploitations and argue the patriarchy is more explicatory
• replies on a revolution on bringing change

Question 12

radical feminists - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 12

the patriarchy is the source of oppression for women - because society is ran by men for the interest of men
men have an advantage in society and have no interest in giving up their power and control.
gender inequalities are caused by a collective effect by men to dominant and exploit women.
revolution will led to female liberation
the family act the main oppressor for women as it allow gender divisions in labor and reinforces male dominance - define women’s role through a patriarchal ideology
biological factors influence women oppression but should not influence inequality

Question 13

Millett’s - RF - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 13

men originally got power over women because of biological factors but now technology and science has developed enough that men no longer need the dominance or power.

men will defend their power at all costs and are willing to use violence to control women

Question 14

evaluations of RF theories of gender inequalities

Answer 14

• tend to talk about the family but fail to acknowledge variations of the family
• not all women share common interests - some argue that social class and ethical issues are more important
• LF - neglect that a women role in society has changed overtime.
• over-emphasis that women are separate from men as they can work cooperatively

Question 15

Johnson’s - RF - theory of gender inequalities

Answer 15

patriarchal terrorism explains violence that is the result of patriarchal traditions for men
- control tactics = economic subordinations, threats, isolation and others (domestic violence)
reported that 30% of women world wide experience abuse in relationships
- patriarchal ideology is used to enforce heterosexuality
- traditional nuclear family ensures the male dominance and female subordination with unpaid domestic labor

Question 16

intersectional feminisms - Sylvia Walby - gender inequalities

Answer 16

believes capitalisms and the patriarchal system led to women oppression
developed a triple system of oppression - looked at how all social inequalities affected oppression
criticised - RF = ignoring other social inequalities MF= overemphasizing capitalism
believes the patriarchy is the most important factor in understanding social inequalities - as it changes overtime and there is a private and public patriarchy

Question 17

the disadvantages of a patriarchal structure - intersectionality - gender inequalities

Answer 17

1. paid employment - discrimination from employees and restricted careers
2. the household - primary responsibility for the household
3. the state - weakness of laws protecting women
4. cultural institutions such as the media - social roles
5. sexuality
6. violence against women

women are exploited with a combination of public and private patriarchy through the intersection of different social inequality.

Question 18

gender transformation - intersectionality - gender inequalities

Answer 18

even though there have been social changes affecting gender relations there is still a patriarchy in Britain
young women face less private patriarchy because of the changes. e.g. education
however are still dependent on men/husbands

Question 19

evaluations of intersectionality - gender inequalities

Answer 19

+ improved view from other feminists theory’s as it incorporates aspects of different feminists and social inequalities.
+ incorporates social change into her analysis by refining her ideas
- Stacey - over-emphasizing the influence of social structure on behaviour. instead emphasis women negotiate the system and are more active than walby assumes

Question 20

functionalism - gender inequalities

Answer 20

society is made up of interdependent parts.

this led them to arguing that men and women have separate social roles based on biological differences.

Question 21

Murdock - functionalist - gender inequalities

Answer 21

studied gender role in 200 societies and found that there were always nuclear families.
he believed that this happened because of biological functions e.g. women are less able to do strenuous tasks

Question 22

parsons and bales - functionalism - gender inequalities.

Answer 22

men have an instrumental role whereas women have an expressive caring role.
this allow society to run smoothly and explains why men and women have different experiences

Question 23

human capital theory - functionalism - gender inequalities

Answer 23

there is a difference between men and women experience in work places and in wages is due to their human capital.
men have a higher human capital as they have a better education and abilities.
Rastogi - see human capital as ‘knowledge, competency, attitudes and behaviors embedded in individuals.’
gender inequalities, arise as legitimate outcomes because women have a lower human capital than men

Question 24

evaluation of functionalist theories of gender inequalities

Answer 24

• feminists such as Oakley have shown that gender roles are social constructed rather than biological differences
• human capital ignores the structural constraints that may disadvantage women
• the functionalist perspective is criticized because it has not kept pace with social changes in gender roles
• functionalism tends to refer to the experience of white middle- class people and neglect others.

Question 25

the new rights theory of gender inequalities

Answer 25

believe that gender roles are biologically determined - women role should be in private domestic spheres and men should be in public sphere’s
nuclear families are the ideal structure - allow society to run smoothly.
men should be the breadwinner and women should have a supportive role to the breadwinner
the fundamental difference between men and women should mean that men should be the decision maker and women should be supportive - this led to women experiencing a different public sphere

Question 26

Phyllis Schlafly - new right - gender inequalities

Answer 26

marriage and motherhood have their trails and tribulations but what lifestyle doesn’t
feminism is not necessary
women should stay home and look after their husbands and children

Question 27

Engels - Marxism - gender inequalities

Answer 27

women’s subordinate potion is a result of the ownership of private property and the nuclear family.

in a capitalist society men gained control over women as they wanted to pass on property to their legitimate offspring

the nuclear family restricted the women’s sexuality - monogamy - allowing them to be sure that the pass on their property to their sons.

Question 28

castles and Kozak - Marxists - gender inequalities

Answer 28

the reserve army of labor - in times of crisis women are employed to support the country but will be the first to be fired in resection

Question 29

Benston - Marxists - gender inequalities

Answer 29

by doing domestic labor women support capitalisms as they are not getting paid
therefore the bourgeois only has to pay one wage

Question 30

neo- Marxists - gender inequalities

Answer 30

go belong analysis of social class, as within each each class there will be conflict e.g. between females and males. 
so after the 1960's they have try to support all inequalities and look at all areas of conflict

Question 31

evaluations of Marxist theories of gender inequalities

Answer 31

• have over-emphasis class and economic factors.

- have a macro focus and neglects the small interactions that provide understanding

Question 32

Weberian theory - gender inequalities

Answer 32

stratification happens because of class, status and party
2 types of occupational segregation in the labor market
1. horizontal segregation = jobs associated with gender, equal opportunity commissions -continues because of individual/ human capital, careers based on perception, discrimination, barriers
2. vertical segregation = men dominated the highest ranked jobs. glass ceiling explains the different social mobilities between genders, concrete ceiling explain the social mobility of ethnic minority women.
+ hidden advantages - stereotypes and preferential treatment

Question 33

Barron and Norris - Weberian - gender inequalities

Answer 33

dual labor market explains women employment patterns
status - primary market = male - good promotions, wage and work conditions
secondary market = women - domestic roles.
social closure - men reserve + protect top positions for themselves
party - women tend to participate in groups that are influent and exert power.- political activism gap: less likely to be represented and volunteer

Question 34

evaluation of the Weberian theory of gender inequalities

Answer 34

• can be applied to gender inequalities but doesn’t truly look at gender inequalities.
• doesn’t explain why some social group end up in different parts of the labor markets
• the three areas the weber looks at all apply to power and class
• postmodernists would argue there is no longer a consensus about status as norms and values aren’t fixed