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SOC 224 > Youth and Deviance > Flashcards

Youth and Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

what are psychological risk factor examples for youth and deviance

A

poor mental health status, low self esteem and antisocial behavior and psychopathy

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2
Q

what are the protective factors for youth and deviance

A

intellectual and interpersonal abilities, positive self esteem and pro social behaviors

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3
Q

why did the group, that had problems back home, still do well in their life (3 factors)

A
  1. structured events weekly that grounded them through the chaos
  2. tended to have an experience where they were invited to a friend’s house and saw that not every mom and dad fight all the time -> they are able to see their family as not healthy compared to the norm
  3. tended to report that even though their family life was chaotic, there was someone in the community that they could go to and hang out for the day
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4
Q

what does social bond theory have to do with youth and deviance

A

children who have strong attachment to their guardians have much lower risk in engaging in criminal activities

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5
Q

true or false - unstructured activities are better for the child than structured

A

false - have a structured predictable activity is good

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6
Q

name the major factor in why people who come from difficult situations are not affected by it

A

resilience

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7
Q

true or false - children who do not skip classes are less likely to commit crime

A

true - because they are off the streets

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8
Q

what are the peer group risk factors in youth and deviance

A

more time spent with delinquent siblings

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9
Q

what are the gender differences taken into account for the gender gap differential association

A

men -> more aggressive, risk taking, more physical strength, speeding, smoking

women -> sexual virtue, nurturing, female beauty, more monitoring

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10
Q

true or false - there is valid evidence that injected testosterone makes animals and humans more aggressive

A

false - only animals are verified to do so

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11
Q

true or false - the most violent males are those who come from a poor background

A

true

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12
Q

what did sybille artz find out

A

girl violence -> society believed that there must be something really wrong with the girl if she committing crimes -> when men commit crimes it is just an extreme of their personality
-> girls also acknowledge they are of the lesser gender

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13
Q

what kind of psychosocial problems did Artz say women had if they were violent

A

dysfunctional families, lack of anger management skills

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14
Q

explain the maturation theory in detail

A

people are less likely to commit crimes when they mature and grow older
-> physiological limitations
-> jobs and marriages are incentives to conform to the norm
-> people depend on us (children and parents)
-> more socially responsible as we age out of youth

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15
Q

explain the community disorganization theory

A

if people are exposed to violence or fighting all the time in their family and on their doorstep -> it impacts the child’s criminality

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16
Q

what are “troubling” youth

A
  • primarily risk to others
  • threat to society
    gangs
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17
Q

who defined punishable and reformable young offender?

A

Bryan Hogeveen

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18
Q

what is a punishable young offender?

A

young offender is “troublesome” and need to be punished to make them accountable for criminal acts

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19
Q

what is a reformable young offender?

A

young offender is “troubled” and need intervention in hope to be rehabilitated

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20
Q

what are the most common offences in youth crime?

A
  • assault level 1 (least violent but most common)
  • mischief
  • shoplifting under 5K
  • uttering threats
  • assault level 2 (weapons/physical harm)
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21
Q

what was determined about age and gender in relation to crime?

A
  • males more likely to commit
  • 14-25 is the peak
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22
Q

what is the youth crime severity index?

A

each crime given weight is then added to see severity index
- gone down significantly

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23
Q

what are some perceptions about youth crime?

A
  • “out of control”
  • youth are more criminal
  • more violent offences today
  • gap between perception and reality in reference to media and professional groups (gov’t adds to the misimpressions)
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24
Q

JDA

A
  • juvenile delinquents act
  • 1908
  • 7-15
  • operated like child welfare model
  • based on parens patriae
  • courts could: fine, foster, give probationary sentence (probation officer)
25
Q

what is parens patriae?

A

state has duty to assume role of parent in case of delinquent/dependent children with no parents

26
Q

what are the roles of a probation officer?

A
  • conducted investigations for court (family is the focus)
  • assisted and directed court (officer is liaison between family and court)
  • represented interests of child (officer studies life and serves in child’s best interest)
  • supervised children sentenced to probation (parental role in absence of parent)
  • aim to reform child and reform family (family needs to be healthy again to cure child)
27
Q

what was the main reason for youth crime in Twig is Bent?

A

family structure failed
- structural functionalist theory- society is stable until an institution fails to play their role

28
Q

what are some of the causes for youth crime in Twig is Bent?

A
  • parents not home
  • young get hastily married
  • leisure/freedom (pool rooms, theatre)
  • siblings were bad role models (differential association theory)
29
Q

what were some of the remedies for youth crime in Twig is Bent?

A
  • dont leave kids alone
  • go to church no matter what religion
  • join institutions
  • instill on children to respect authorities
  • scope out friends
  • hobbies/good literature
30
Q

why was the YOA introduced?

A

bc JDA was:
- “too soft” on youth crime
- too expensive
- children not being adequately supervised by probation officers

31
Q

what was the focus of YOA?

A

youth responsibility
societal protection
- special needs of youth
- alternative measures
- more punitive
- offenders were not adult like

32
Q

why was YCJA introduced?

A

bc YOA:
- contained conflicting principles
- resulted in overuse of incarceration (biggest critic)
- failed to adequately provide youth reintegration

33
Q

what did the YCJA introduce?

A

bifurcated youth justice system: two-pronged system that allows for diversion of first time and less serious offenders out of the systme while allowing for more punitive forms of punishment for more serious offenders

34
Q

what are some of the less serious offences for offenders?

A
  • community service
  • restitution or compensation
  • special programs
  • referrals to committees (community, youth or aboriginal)
  • letter of apology or essay
  • restorative justice program
35
Q

what is the restorative justice program?

A
  • crime against society is done so holding person accountable without a record or punishment
  • allows offender/victims to communicate about situation
  • based on respect, compassion and inclusivity
  • repairs relationships and make amends to allow us to move on
  • better outcomes than traditional means
  • for when crime is not extreme
36
Q

when would a youth be convicted as an adult?

A
  • murder
  • attempted murder
  • manslaughter
  • aggravated sexual assault
  • committed crime more than twice
37
Q

was the YCJA effective?

A

yes- incarceration rate decreased

38
Q

what is the biological reason as to why some commit more likely to be deviant/criminal acts more than others?

A
  • Nucleus accumbens and development of prefrontal lobe
39
Q

what are the biological/genetic risk factor examples of deviance?

A

FASD
brain injuries
learning disabilities (8%) - normal intelligence but learning is delayed)

40
Q

what are the biological/genetic protective factors for youth deviance?

A

resiliency
intelligence
athleticism

41
Q

what does the PFC do?

A

executive functioning
- develops into adulthood
- role in discipline

42
Q

what does the nucleus accumbens do?

A

connected to high risk activity
- impulsive behavior
- develops into adulthood

43
Q

do the PFC and nucleus accumbens grow at the same rate during adolescence?

A
  • no there is a disconnection
    PFC lower than nucleus accumbens
  • differential development
44
Q

what defines someone as a nasty girl

A

smokes, swears and has sex

45
Q

what did barron and lacombe study

A

girls have become more violent recently because mean girls are a product of feminism -> as women become like men going out and working full time
-> western culture celebrates the nasty girl

46
Q

who is an example, mentioned in lecture, that increasingly is promoting the nasty girl ideology

A

alanis morissette

47
Q

name the protective factors related to community and neighborhood factors within youth and deviance

A
  1. mixed socio-economic backgrounds living together
  2. accessible social infrastructure
  3. bonding to institutions outside of family
48
Q

what are examples of accessible social infrastructures

A

community league, baseball diamond, school

49
Q

where is crime most likely found and what theory provides evidence for this

A

crime is most likely in areas undergoing transition -> slum areas, inner cities
social disorganization theory -> delinquency is the most exciting thing for youths to do -> children growing up in these areas experience doubt and hopelesness

50
Q

david greenberg was mentioned under what theory and what did he say

A

radical conflict theory -> many people earning minimum wage is youth that have not finished highschool and are unable to get benefits -> become involved in crime because they are exploited

51
Q

herman and julie was mentioned under what theory and what did they say

A

radical conflict theory -> not many workers because of automation that replaces entry level jobs or minimum wage jobs (example - DONS!!!)

52
Q

where did violent gangs seem to occur

A

neighborhoods marked by high poverty, drug use, high rate of highschool non completion and transition cities

53
Q

true or false - the transition between being deviant and not is very structured and concrete

A

false - it is a drift

54
Q

who came up with deviant career ideology

A

david matza

55
Q

what did david matza say about multiculture

A

it challenged the status quo -> lack of consensus -> not everything is a clear linear pathw

56
Q

what did Karl Marx say about crime

A

capitalism is the root of crime

57
Q

true or false - families monitor girls more than boys

A

true

58
Q
A

SOC 224 (14 decks)

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