Youth and Deviance Flashcards
what are psychological risk factor examples for youth and deviance
poor mental health status, low self esteem and antisocial behavior and psychopathy
what are the protective factors for youth and deviance
intellectual and interpersonal abilities, positive self esteem and pro social behaviors
why did the group, that had problems back home, still do well in their life (3 factors)
- structured events weekly that grounded them through the chaos
- tended to have an experience where they were invited to a friend’s house and saw that not every mom and dad fight all the time -> they are able to see their family as not healthy compared to the norm
- tended to report that even though their family life was chaotic, there was someone in the community that they could go to and hang out for the day
what does social bond theory have to do with youth and deviance
children who have strong attachment to their guardians have much lower risk in engaging in criminal activities
true or false - unstructured activities are better for the child than structured
false - have a structured predictable activity is good
name the major factor in why people who come from difficult situations are not affected by it
resilience
true or false - children who do not skip classes are less likely to commit crime
true - because they are off the streets
what are the peer group risk factors in youth and deviance
more time spent with delinquent siblings
what are the gender differences taken into account for the gender gap differential association
men -> more aggressive, risk taking, more physical strength, speeding, smoking
women -> sexual virtue, nurturing, female beauty, more monitoring
true or false - there is valid evidence that injected testosterone makes animals and humans more aggressive
false - only animals are verified to do so
true or false - the most violent males are those who come from a poor background
true
what did sybille artz find out
girl violence -> society believed that there must be something really wrong with the girl if she committing crimes -> when men commit crimes it is just an extreme of their personality
-> girls also acknowledge they are of the lesser gender
what kind of psychosocial problems did Artz say women had if they were violent
dysfunctional families, lack of anger management skills
explain the maturation theory in detail
people are less likely to commit crimes when they mature and grow older
-> physiological limitations
-> jobs and marriages are incentives to conform to the norm
-> people depend on us (children and parents)
-> more socially responsible as we age out of youth
explain the community disorganization theory
if people are exposed to violence or fighting all the time in their family and on their doorstep -> it impacts the child’s criminality
what are “troubling” youth
- primarily risk to others
- threat to society
gangs
who defined punishable and reformable young offender?
Bryan Hogeveen
what is a punishable young offender?
young offender is “troublesome” and need to be punished to make them accountable for criminal acts
what is a reformable young offender?
young offender is “troubled” and need intervention in hope to be rehabilitated
what are the most common offences in youth crime?
- assault level 1 (least violent but most common)
- mischief
- shoplifting under 5K
- uttering threats
- assault level 2 (weapons/physical harm)
what was determined about age and gender in relation to crime?
- males more likely to commit
- 14-25 is the peak
what is the youth crime severity index?
each crime given weight is then added to see severity index
- gone down significantly
what are some perceptions about youth crime?
- “out of control”
- youth are more criminal
- more violent offences today
- gap between perception and reality in reference to media and professional groups (gov’t adds to the misimpressions)
JDA
- juvenile delinquents act
- 1908
- 7-15
- operated like child welfare model
- based on parens patriae
- courts could: fine, foster, give probationary sentence (probation officer)
what is parens patriae?
state has duty to assume role of parent in case of delinquent/dependent children with no parents
what are the roles of a probation officer?
- conducted investigations for court (family is the focus)
- assisted and directed court (officer is liaison between family and court)
- represented interests of child (officer studies life and serves in child’s best interest)
- supervised children sentenced to probation (parental role in absence of parent)
- aim to reform child and reform family (family needs to be healthy again to cure child)
what was the main reason for youth crime in Twig is Bent?
family structure failed
- structural functionalist theory- society is stable until an institution fails to play their role
what are some of the causes for youth crime in Twig is Bent?
- parents not home
- young get hastily married
- leisure/freedom (pool rooms, theatre)
- siblings were bad role models (differential association theory)
what were some of the remedies for youth crime in Twig is Bent?
- dont leave kids alone
- go to church no matter what religion
- join institutions
- instill on children to respect authorities
- scope out friends
- hobbies/good literature
why was the YOA introduced?
bc JDA was:
- “too soft” on youth crime
- too expensive
- children not being adequately supervised by probation officers
what was the focus of YOA?
youth responsibility
societal protection
- special needs of youth
- alternative measures
- more punitive
- offenders were not adult like
why was YCJA introduced?
bc YOA:
- contained conflicting principles
- resulted in overuse of incarceration (biggest critic)
- failed to adequately provide youth reintegration
what did the YCJA introduce?
bifurcated youth justice system: two-pronged system that allows for diversion of first time and less serious offenders out of the systme while allowing for more punitive forms of punishment for more serious offenders
what are some of the less serious offences for offenders?
- community service
- restitution or compensation
- special programs
- referrals to committees (community, youth or aboriginal)
- letter of apology or essay
- restorative justice program
what is the restorative justice program?
- crime against society is done so holding person accountable without a record or punishment
- allows offender/victims to communicate about situation
- based on respect, compassion and inclusivity
- repairs relationships and make amends to allow us to move on
- better outcomes than traditional means
- for when crime is not extreme
when would a youth be convicted as an adult?
- murder
- attempted murder
- manslaughter
- aggravated sexual assault
- committed crime more than twice
was the YCJA effective?
yes- incarceration rate decreased
what is the biological reason as to why some commit more likely to be deviant/criminal acts more than others?
- Nucleus accumbens and development of prefrontal lobe
what are the biological/genetic risk factor examples of deviance?
FASD
brain injuries
learning disabilities (8%) - normal intelligence but learning is delayed)
what are the biological/genetic protective factors for youth deviance?
resiliency
intelligence
athleticism
what does the PFC do?
executive functioning
- develops into adulthood
- role in discipline
what does the nucleus accumbens do?
connected to high risk activity
- impulsive behavior
- develops into adulthood
do the PFC and nucleus accumbens grow at the same rate during adolescence?
- no there is a disconnection
PFC lower than nucleus accumbens - differential development
what defines someone as a nasty girl
smokes, swears and has sex
what did barron and lacombe study
girls have become more violent recently because mean girls are a product of feminism -> as women become like men going out and working full time
-> western culture celebrates the nasty girl
who is an example, mentioned in lecture, that increasingly is promoting the nasty girl ideology
alanis morissette
name the protective factors related to community and neighborhood factors within youth and deviance
- mixed socio-economic backgrounds living together
- accessible social infrastructure
- bonding to institutions outside of family
what are examples of accessible social infrastructures
community league, baseball diamond, school
where is crime most likely found and what theory provides evidence for this
crime is most likely in areas undergoing transition -> slum areas, inner cities
social disorganization theory -> delinquency is the most exciting thing for youths to do -> children growing up in these areas experience doubt and hopelesness
david greenberg was mentioned under what theory and what did he say
radical conflict theory -> many people earning minimum wage is youth that have not finished highschool and are unable to get benefits -> become involved in crime because they are exploited
herman and julie was mentioned under what theory and what did they say
radical conflict theory -> not many workers because of automation that replaces entry level jobs or minimum wage jobs (example - DONS!!!)
where did violent gangs seem to occur
neighborhoods marked by high poverty, drug use, high rate of highschool non completion and transition cities
true or false - the transition between being deviant and not is very structured and concrete
false - it is a drift
who came up with deviant career ideology
david matza
what did david matza say about multiculture
it challenged the status quo -> lack of consensus -> not everything is a clear linear pathw
what did Karl Marx say about crime
capitalism is the root of crime
true or false - families monitor girls more than boys
true
