Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOC 224 > Study of Deviance > Flashcards

Study of Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

statistical rarity

A
  • used outside of academia
  • not commonly used by deviance scholars bc of limitations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an example of formal norms

A

laws and regulations that are written

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are examples of informal norms

A

cough into your sweater, the way you stand in an elevator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list the 3 characteristics of a norm

A
  1. subject to change
  2. culturally specific
  3. circumstance specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

wearing a bikini in class is what type of norm characteristic

A

circumstance specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ - the label
_____ - how we judge the person
______ - the way we react/act differently

A

description
evaluation
prescription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the description, evaluation and prescription of the redneck woman

A

description - working woman
evaluation - promiscous, frugal, lacking in sophistication
prescription - ignore and avoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the objective definition of deviance

A

it is a quality and a common trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

match the example to its objectivist position

jaywalking

A

harm and normative violation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

match the example to its objectivist position

butting in line

A

normative violation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

match the example to its objectivist position

refusing to wear a mask when mandatory

A

harm and normative violation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who are moral entrepreneurs

A

they are individuals who devote their time to protect society from a threat
- Becker
- members of upper class
- rely on others to implement agenda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what was the most cited sociological theory of all time and what bigger picture theory did it come from

A

strain theory -> part of Functional theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Robert Merton argued what?

A

he focused on understanding deviance related to crime and what is it that makes some people criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

according to Robert Merton, what makes people criminals

A

because of the strain or tension of what makes a good life -> some of us cannot reach the ideal goal, so we commit crime to compensate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who studied why individuals adapt to strain in different ways ? what was the theory

A

Cloward and Ohlun - Differential Opportunity theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

who disagreed with Robert Merton’s theory and why

A

messner and rosenfield -> they believed he was too focused on the economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the general strain theory was established by who and why was it important

A

Robert Agnew -> there are other sources of strain
1. being blocked from a valued goal
2. actual/anticipated loss of something valuable
3. actual/anticipated presentation of harmful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the marshmallow experiment and where did it stem from

A

give a child a marshmallow, leave the room and tell them before if they do not eat the marshmallow they will get 2 more = delayed gratification
-> it came from the frustration theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

delaying gratification is good, why? what is the exception?

A

children who are able to delay gratification will do better in middle class society . EXCEPTION : when you are poor, if you are given food and choose to not eat and wait for better food, there might not be another opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why is meritocracy mentioned in the status frustration theory

A

if you teach children, if you work hard you will make it -> this only pertains to certain levels of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where does the working class/poverty fit into the status frustration theory

A

poor children who do not align with the middle class values will form a group -> reaction formation -> establish their own norms that promote toughness -> defy norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what bigger picture theory does classical conditioning belong to

A

social learning theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

______ is the basis of operant conditioning

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

skinner and thorndike proposed what

A

operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what were significant results of Bandura’s bobo doll experiment

A

the children who saw the acts of violence -> became violent and it generalized because they found other ways to be aggressive -> no MIMICKING
the children who did not see the violence -> did not partake in aggressive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

who are primary socialization agents

A

families and parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

who are secondary socialization agents

A

friends/media/teachers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

match this description to the founders and the name of the theory

Ratio of
deviant people in our lives spend lots of time with us : non deviant people spending time with us

A

differential association theory -> Sutherland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the kinds of harm?

A

physical, emotional, social and ontological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is ontological harm?

A

threat to the fundamental ways we understand the world and our place in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

societal reaction

A

society’s masses respond to with negative emotion
- variety of reactions and only certain ones will be acted upon
- punishment and incentive to create party unity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

normative violation

A

violate society norms
- most objectivists now perceive norms that are culturally specific rather than universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

folkways

A

informal norms
- if violated considered to be odd and rude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

mores

A

standards seen as foundation of morality in a culture
- informal norms
- morality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is consensual view of law?

A

law arising out of social consensus and equally applied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is conflict view of law?

A

law as a tool used by ruling class to serve own interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is interactionist view of law?

A

nonconsensual view of criminal law
- powerful define the law in response to interests groups that approach them to rectify perceived social problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what did Thio do?

A

high consensus and low consensus deviance to distinguish between forms of deviance that have differential levels of support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

limitations of statistical rarity

A
  • quantifying “rare” is a limitation
  • fails to correspond to our tacit understandings of deviance as behaviours that are strange, immoral - needs social control
41
Q

limitations of harm

A
  • perceptions of harm change based on time
  • whether society is being harmed is subjective
  • reaction cause more overt harm than the inital behaviour
  • definition underlies great deal of social activism and policy
42
Q

limitation of societal reaction

A
  • focusing on negative societal reaction as defining characteristics raises many questions
  • only some reactions may be acted upon within social institutions
43
Q

limitations of normative violation

A
  • we learn the behaviours expected and if we violate them then we are deviant
  • hard to determine normative consensus
44
Q

what are the multi-level processes in social construction?

A
  • individual
  • interactional
  • institutional
  • sociocultural
  • global
45
Q

what is the individual level of social construction?

A
  • own identities, conceptions of self and ways of understanding our own existence
46
Q

what is the interactional level of social construction?

A
  • interactions with others influence way we think and feel and the role we play
47
Q

what is the institutional level of social construction?

A

structure of society
- gov’t
- edu sys
- religion

48
Q

what is the global level of social construction?

A

globalization

49
Q

what is globalization?

A
  • tight global economic, political, cultural and environmental interconnections that flows that make most current borders and boundaries irrelvant
50
Q

what is the deviance dance?

A

steps to move the dance in the direction they desire or one previously ignored or changing public perceptions to reduce stigma faced by certain groups

51
Q

how is the country line dance characterized in deviance dance?

A

considerable cooperation to achieve consensual goal

52
Q

how is the waltz characterized in deviance dance?

A

opposing steps but still move together to negotiate outcome

53
Q

how is the mosh pit characterized in deviance dance?

A

opposing direction for own individual desires

54
Q

how is art a form of deviance?

A
  • protest art makes explicit statements- resistance graffiti
55
Q

how is naming of people and place constitute resistance?

A
  • means of social control over marginalized groups
  • one-drop rule: anyone with single Black ancestor is Black
  • European names given to Indigenous even though they have names
  • Indian Act placed restrictions on names and receive entitlements
56
Q

what is a form of resistance?

A

reclaiming the right of naming themselves and land

57
Q

what is a critique of functionalist logic?

A
  • not able to explain why that specific institution at the expense of others is required to achieve a particular societal goal
58
Q

what is a critique of functionalist ideology?

A

ignore social and historical circumstances from which those aspects emerge sociohistorical circumstnaces that give rise to specific family forms or certain education curricula
- no critique means they support status quo

59
Q

limitations of differential association theory

A

methodological criticisms
- difficulties arriving at tally of number of deviant and non-deviant association
- difficult to determine whether priority, duration, freq or intensity take precedence

60
Q

limitation of neutralization theory

A
  • what it hasn’t explored
  • techniques vary based on type of behavior
  • reasoning and methodology
  • technique used after act occurred
61
Q

limitation of control theories

A
  • critiqued for way self-control is defined and measured
  • assumes remains stable in life
  • self-control and social bonds theory criticized for ignoring importance of peer association
62
Q

why is shoplifting good to test merits of Sykes and Matza’s theory?

A
  • normative nature
  • used to test why some commit crimes
  • frequently committed by non-criminals
  • widely distributed amongst those who are moral
  • theory of neutralization- allows them to participate in delinquent acts that would otherwise be wrong
63
Q

what are the 4 techniques of neutralization?

A
  • defence of necessity
  • everybody does it
  • justification by comparison
  • postponement
64
Q

defence of necessity

A
  • reduce guilt through argument that offender had no choice under circumstances to engage in criminal act
65
Q

everybody does it

A

reduce guilt or justify by arguing that behavior is common
- diffusion of guilt
- widespread similar acts

66
Q

justification by comparison

A
  • compare crime to more serious offences
  • offenders not committed to conventional norms
  • attempting to maintain sense of self-worth
67
Q

postponement

A

offender suppresses guilty feelings by putting it out of their mind to be dealt with later
- common among informants

68
Q

why did Pogrebin have a problem with interviewing shoplifters being interviewed after committing crime?

A
  • postevent reasons given for deviant behaviour are not neutralizations but accounts or “socially approved vocab that serve as explanatory mechanism for deviance”
  • no one can empirically verify existence of preevent neutralization
69
Q

what was Hirschi’s position on interviewing shoplifters being interviewed after crime?

A

post-crime rationalization may serve as pre-crime neutralization the next time crime is contemplated

70
Q

what is potential outcome of continued and habitual use of neutralization and rationalization techniques?

A
  • weaken the social bond, reducing the need to neutralize at all
71
Q

why do authors assert that neutralization technique serve as a form of situational morality?

A
  • they make adaptation to convention that permits deviation
  • whether adaptation is truly neutralizing or rationalizing the result is same- crime without guilt
72
Q

example of retroactive formal control

A

drinking and driving underage is misconduct of official regulation- given fine and license taken away (legal system involved if violation)

73
Q

example of preventative informal control

A

syllabus says to not make others feel uncomfortable or unsafe so do not laugh or criticize when peers ask questions and are aware

74
Q

example of retroactive self-control

A

you have a habit of going on shopping sprees and now you have overspent so now you have a tight budget for the rest of the month

75
Q

who created the social bonds theory?

A

Travis Hirschi

76
Q

what are the 4 components of social bonds theory?

A

attachment
commitment
involvement
belief

77
Q

what component of social bonds theory is the strongest?

A

attachment

78
Q

what does involvement include?

A

extracurricular activities
- children involved in structured activities benefit more than unstructured

79
Q

t or f: belief is social bonds theory is about religious beliefs?

A

f
- moral values of society

80
Q

what theories did Hirschi and Gottfredson make?

A

self-control and general theory of crime

81
Q

how does self-control restrain us?

A
  • determined by parenting in early life
  • remains relatively stable through life
82
Q

what is the point of the marshmallow test?

A

strong self control can prevent criminality and risky behaviors
- delayed gratification

83
Q

what is Freuds POV about marshmallow test?

A

blames parents for this

84
Q

what are norms subject to?

A

social control

85
Q

what is a subjectivist definition of deviance?

A

process
no common trait
behaviors that people in power need to control
- deviance is a social construction
- violation of dominant moral codes

86
Q

bootleggers vs baptists

A
  • Bruce Yandle
  • baptists oppose alcohol consumption
  • bootleggers more restrictions on licit sale of alcohol
  • Sunday was the only day they couldn’t sell alcohol
87
Q

what are the objectivist theories

A

functionalist
social learning
social control

88
Q

institutionalized goals

A

culturally exalted- wealth, power

89
Q

strain theory modes

A
  • conformity (a goals and means)
  • innovation (a goal, r means)
  • ritualism (r goal, a means)
  • retreatism (r goal and mean)
  • rebellion (r/a goal and means)
90
Q

who created status frustration theory?

A

albert cohen

91
Q

elijah anderson

A

code on the streets
- the code (willingness to use violence) governs choices young people make in daily lives
- weakly bonded to institutions, families, anger, little hope for future, little self-respect, lack of trust in (police)

92
Q

what are the 4 kinds of social learning theories?

A

conditioning
modelling
differential association
neutralization

93
Q

example of positive reinforcement

A

extra allowance for doing dishes

94
Q

example of negative reinforcment

A

brush teeth to prevent cavities

95
Q

example of positive punishment

A

given time-out for throwing tantrum

96
Q

example of negative punishment

A

license revoked for drunk driving

97
Q

what is the important learned attitude among criminals?

A

disregard for community legal code
- one acquires attitude by associating with those who hold it and not associating with those who don’t

98
Q

what are the 5 techniques of neutralization by Sykes and Matza?

A
  • denial of responsibility
  • denial of injury
  • denial of victim
  • condemnation of condemners
  • appealing to higher loyalties

SOC 224 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions