Looking Deviant - Appearance Flashcards
what did Charles Cooley establish
the looking glass self
what are the 3 questions that arise from the looking glass self
- how do others see me
- how do others evaluate me based on what they see
- how does their evaluation make me feel about myself
what did George mead come up with
the I and me
differentiate between the I and me
I is a subject with power
me is a self as a object
true or false - we can see ourselves the way others do as early as birth
false - we can only do so when we have a developed self
when can we recognize ourselves
18 months
true or false - the self is heavily influenced by society
true
what are the 3 components of self
actual self
ideal self
ought to be self
who came up with the components of self
higgens
what are the 3 factors involved in our presentation of self on a daily
dramaturgical approach
impression management
front and backstage self
why is disability considered deviant
it is often because the behavior is deviant based on the conditions
what were the 2 examples of a eugenics movement
- in germany, anyone with a mental illness was killed by the Nazis
- anyone with a mental illness was sexually sterilized in Alberta
list the ways we can deal with stigma
impression management -> deflecting
medicalization -> seek doctors
peer support
what was one example we saw in class that relates to how societal reactions lead to what we call deviant
freak show woman -> hyperactive thyroid goiter
if you are skinny, you are ____
if you are fuller, you are _____
poor and wealthy
marilyn monroe encaptured what traits
voluptuous -> big breasts and full hips
what were the results of the facial attractiveness
people were asked to rate faces based on attractiveness
-> the faces that were considered the most attractive were the ones who lived the longest
-> the faces that were deemed ugly, had died earlier
name the theory that was based off the facial attractiveness experiment
good genes theory
what is the difference between what women and men look for in a partner
men want to pass down strong genes and in order to do that they must have a good genetic partner to make these children that will carry down these traits -> looking for a younger, healthier woman
women are looking for a more mature man
what makes a man “mature”
financial security, facial hair, etc…
describe the results of the two studies done by tu,gilbert and bono on the factors of hirability
first study -> the more attractive people got the job -> but they tended have better nonverbal communication
second study -> taught the group, considered less attractive, to be more positively nonverbal -> even though they were less attractive, they were hired based off nonverbal presence
true or false - attractive is the only factor that can influence hirability
false -> there are other major factors such as confidence that influence it
how do you calculate bmi
divide weight by height squared and multiply by 7.03
what BMI is considered under weight and overweight
under 18 and over 30
what is the approximate % of women and men that are overweight
60% for men and 45% for women
what % of population is underweight
2-3%
true or false - more adults are obese than children now
true
true or false - the ideal body for men is a bit bigger than women
true
what are the risk factors of obesity
hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers
what are the risk factors of being underweight
decreased immunity, anorexia and bulimia
what country in 2022 had an obesity rate of 30%
canada
what is the strongest medioscientific understanding of obesity
genetics -> twin studies
based on the endocrinology of obesity, what are some of the hormones mentioned
thyroid, cortisol, progesterone, testosterone and estrogen
what is a neurochemical that is theorized to influence obesity , what is the theory
serotonin -> lower serotonin levels, higher cravings for carbs
true or false - everyone who has obesity has low serotonin levels
false - not everyone
what are some sociological reasons of obesity?
- increased standard of living
- all you can eat
- drive thru restaurants
- processed foods/fast food - cheaper than groceries
- food pricing - poor quality diet is cheaper, low socioeconomic status have strong correlation with obesity
- food ads - more TV watched leads to higher obesity
how has the portrayal of female and male bodies changed over time?
- F become thinner over time (Monroe vs Twiggy/ Playboy)
- M more muscular yet leaner
are media portrays attainable by all?
- no bc portrayals are fictions that are attanable by few people
what is the female ideal body shape vs male?
curvaceously thin vs v-shaped
which gender is more likely to report dissatisfaction with the bodies and weight?
Women
- men can attain what their ideal is by working out but women want to be taller but they cant attain that through hard work
who wrote The Vogue Factor and what was point of the book?
- Kirstie Clements
- critical of the industry
- Hollywood is creating the unattainable figure and it is destroying women
- models are taking up methods to keep the weight off and curbing the hunger (smoking, cotton balls, coke)
why is the beauty and cosmetics industry wealthy?
- 450 billion
- we dont need any skin care, hair care, cosmetics, makeup
- we consume it bc we are engaging in impression management
- what is beautiful, is good
- want to get to the ideal
what are the 3 top cosmetic procedures in Canadians?
- breast augmentation
- liposuction
- eyelid surgery
why do we engage in impression management?
what is beautiful is good
what do people most likely explain their behavior based on?
- aesthetics (look younger- Botox)
- individuality (uniqueness)
- health-fit/muscular - psychological well-being
who described “doing gender”?
west and zimmerman
what is “doing gender”?
- individuals are doing gender, gender is heavily informed by culture
- western emphasis
women undergo surgery and get ready doing gender - petite woman - subscribing to what it means to be a woman
- strong man
physical attractiveness = ?
currency
power
health/vitality/sexual
what is the problem with society valuing health/youthfulness?
- ageism
society does not celebrate aging esp in women - decrease sexual aging/currency (form of power)
what is associated with existential anxiety?
- fear of irrelevance
- with age comes death and reminder of our own death and we are trying to avoid it
what did Margaret Atwood do?
- created The Victory Burlesk
- woman came out on stage and walked backwards and disrobed and turned around it was a 60 yr old lady not the 20 yr old that they thought
- she was exposed and humiliated and saw that society did not value the aging body
what are the three interactionist theories?
- looking glass self (cooley)
- I and Me (Mead)
- impression management (Goffman)
what is the point of the interactionist theorizing?
helps us understand why we spend so much time in the industry
what is one perspective within critical theorizing?
political economic
what does capitalism require?
continual development of new markets, expanded markets and consumerism
what is an example of capitalism in the beauty industry?
ads on wrinkle cream, they do not say that wrinkles are ugly bc we assume that we know already and want to get younger
- starts with an assumption we all understand and want to rid of them
what is the private industries motive?
profit
what is the Sisyphean exercise and compare it to the beauty industry?
- he got the boulder to the pinnacle of the hill and it fell back down and its a vicious cycle
- we are never able to get to the top and get the full satisfaction (keep getting procedures or buying new products - tons of money spent)
what are some critiques of the industry?
- ageism, racism, classism
- need money to achieve
- Nelly Furtado- white in magazines (whitewashing)
- “even she doesn’t look like that” - Dove campaign - all bodies are beautiful except….
how does the marketing industry portray/target men?
- GI Joe dolls - biceps are double
- Mens health magazine - more cosmetic procedures, grey hair, men’s toiletries and aesthetic service
what does a Playgirl look like?
12 pounds less fat
25 pounds more muscle
what occurred between 80s and 90s?
more divoces meaning more single mens who were self-conscious about their looks so they invested more in products and surgeries
in the 80/90s who were the ads targetting?
- working class
- trendies
- pleasure-seekers
- moralists
who gave big money to the beauty industry?
the gays
- most often did not have children so they invested more money
- mani/pedi
- cosmetic surgeries but were stigmatized for getting them
what was the book that showed the feminist perspcetive?
the beauty myth
- women were pressured to look younger and beautiful as they entered the workforce
- they gained power by entering the workforce but it was slowly taken away by the pressure to look a certain way and investing themselves
what did Simone de Beauvoir say about the impact of the ad industry?
- women were encouraged to consume beauty products
- their bodies were objects that needed to be worked on like a house
- this alienated women from their own bodies
who critiques that the body and the person were separate entities and what was his counter argument?
Foucault
- the body and person are one
- women are more dismissed about their health symptoms compared to men
- the lived experience is dependent on the body
