Yes, humans are causing climate change. And we've known for 40 years. Flashcards
inevitability
Noun
the fact of being certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented:
Syn: necessity; essential fundamental obligation precondition prerequisite requirement urgency
necessity
Noun
something that you need, especially in order to live:
syn: noun) need, essentiality; essential fundamental obligation precondition prerequisite requirement urgency
obligation
Noun
the fact that you are obliged to do something:
syn: noun responsibility; accountability agreement bond burden commitment constraint contract debt duty liability necessity need promise requirement right trust understanding
precondition
Noun
something that must happen or be true before it is possible for something else to happen:
Syn: noun condition; arrangement essential necessity prerequisite provision qualification requirement requisite stipulation
prerequisite
Noun
something that must exist or happen before something else can exist or happen:
Syn: noun condition, necessity; essential must precondition qualification requirement requisite
urgency
Noun
the quality of being very important and needing attention immediately:
syn:
imperativeness;
importance
seriousness
importance; desperation necessity pressure seriousness
bind
verb to tie something or someone tightly or to fasten something: syn: noun predicament; crunch dilemma pickle predicament quandary
verb fasten, secure;
bind
verb to tie something or someone tightly or to fasten something: syn: noun predicament; crunch dilemma pickle predicament quandary
verb fasten, secure; attach connect cover dress handcuff restrict shackle stick strap tether tie up unite wrap
verb obligate; restrict; confine constrain engage oblige require restrict
compel
verb
to force someone to do something:
syn: verb force to act; constrain enforce exact impel necessitate oblige urge
constrain
verb
to control and limit something:
syn: force; restrain; bind constrict curb hold down inhibit necessitate stifle
impel
verb
to make someone feel that they must do something:
syn: verb prompt, incite; compel induce oblige
obligate
Verb
to make someone feel morally or legally forced to do something:
syn:
verb require;
constrain
oblige
accommodate
verb
to accommodate someone
syn: verb make room, lodging available; contain entertain hold rent shelter take in
gratify
verb
to please someone, or to satisfy a wish or need:
syn: verb give pleasure; satisfy; delight enchant please thrill
accountability
Noun
the fact of being responsible for what you do and able to give a satisfactory reason for it, or the degree to which this happens:
syn:
responsibility;
liability
burden
noun
a heavy load that you carry:
syn: mental weight; stress; anxiety concern difficulty duty hardship load onus responsibility strain task tax trouble worry
verb encumber, strain; afflict bother depress encumber hamper handicap hinder lade oppress overload overwhelm weigh down
outspoken
ADJ
expressing strong opinions very directly without worrying if other people are offended:
syn: explicit, unreserved; blunt candid forthright strident vocal
commitment
Noun
a promise or firm decision to do something:
syn: noun assurance; obligation; engagement guarantee need pledge promise responsibility
constraint
Noun
something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits:
syn:
noun force;
pressure
restraint
noun shyness;
inhibition
restraint
noun restriction;
curb
hindrance
restraint
contract
Noun
a decision or arrangement between groups or people
syn: noun agreement, deal; arrangement bargain bond commitment guarantee obligation pact pledge record settlement
verb condense; consume decline decrease narrow reduce shrink weaken
verb come to terms; agree buy negotiate owe settle sign up undertake
verb catch disease; acquire decline develop incur obtain weaken
debt
Noun
something, especially money, that is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something:
syn: noun money owed to others; arrears bill capital commitment credit damage deficit due indebtedness liability mortgage obligation price tag receipt
liability
Noun
the fact that someone is legally responsible for something:
syn: noun answerability, responsibility; accountability burden culpability debt duty obligation
noun burden, debt; damage inconvenience involvement loan mortgage obligation responsibility
noun chance, probability;
exposure
provision
noun
the act of providing something:
syn:
noun supplies, supplying;
arrangement
plan
qualification
noun
an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills, etc.:
syn: noun ability, aptitude; accomplishment adequacy capability competence eligibility experience fitness quality skill suitability
noun requirement, restriction;
condition
criterion
provision
requisite
adj
necessary or needed for a particular purpose:
syn:
necessary
needed
needful
stipulation
Noun
a rule that must be followed or something that must be done:
syn: noun condition of agreement; arrangement clause obligation precondition provision qualification requirement restriction specification
imperative
Adj
extremely important or urgent:
Syn: adj. necessary; compulsory critical crucial essential immediate important indispensable inescapable obligatory pressing urgent vital
desperation
Noun
the feeling that you have when you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to take risks in order to change it:
syn: noun hopelessness; agony anguish anxiety desolation despair discomfort fear gloom grief heartache melancholy misery pain sorrow unhappiness
noun rashness;
defiance
madness
predicament
noun
an unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of:
syn: noun difficult situation; circumstance crisis deadlock dilemma hardship imbroglio impasse mess plight posture quagmire quandary
fasten
verb
to (cause something to) become firmly fixed together, or in position, or closed:
syn: make secure; join together; adhere affix attach bolt glue nail screw solder tighten truss weld
secure
positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall, or break:
syn: verb protect, make safe; assure defend ensure guarantee insure safeguard
verb attach, tie up; cement clinch fix settle
verb obtain; achieve assure buy capture ensure gain get guarantee have insure take win
adj. certain, definite; able confident easy reliable solid stable strong sure
adj. fastened, stable;
solid
strong
sure
adj. safe
protected
restrict
verb
to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing:
syn: verb confine, limit situation or ability to participate; curb decrease define diminish hamper impede inhibit narrow reduce regulate restrain shorten
incite
verb
to encourage someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent:
syn: verb encourage, provoke; abet agitate arouse encourage exhort foment inflame inspire instigate motivate prompt provoke rouse set off spur trigger urge whip up
satisfy
verb
to please someone by giving them what they want or need:
syn: verb please, content; amuse appease assuage delight elate entertain fascinate flatter gratify mollify placate
verb answer, persuade; accomplish appease assuage assure comply with convince do meet provide reassure
verb pay, compensate;
meet
pay off
reward
liability
noun
the fact that someone is legally responsible for something:
afflict
Verb
If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it:
syn: verb cause or become hurt; annoy beset bother burden oppress plague rack torment torture wound
explicit
ADJ
clear and exact:
syn: adj. specific, unambiguous; accurate categorical certain clear clear-cut correct definite definitive exact obvious positive precise straightforward unequivocal
unreserved
ADJ
without any doubts or feeling uncertain; total:
syn:
adj. outspoken
offend
verb
to make someone upset or angry:
syn: verb displease, insult; aggrieve anger annoy antagonize disgust disturb exasperate gall horrify hurt irritate outrage provoke rile shock sicken sting upset
assurance
Noun
a promise:
syn: noun statement to relieve doubt; affirmation assertion guarantee pledge promise security support word
noun confidence;
certainty
security
restriction
Noun
an official limit on something:
shyness
Noun
the condition of being shy:
syn: noun bashfulness; insecurity modesty reticence timidity
owe
verb
to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you:
syn:
verb have an obligation;
incur
answerability
Noun
responsibility for explaining or justifying one’s actions.
syn: responsibility; authority burden duty guilt importance liability obligation power restraint trust
blame; accountability burden culpability fault guilt liability onus
accountability;
liability
duty; accountability burden charge liability loyalty
fault; blunder crime defect error failing flaw guilt indiscretion lapse liability misconduct miscue misdeed negligence offense omission oversight responsibility transgression weakness wrong wrongdoing
guilt;
answerability
Noun
responsibility for explaining or justifying one’s actions.
syn: responsibility; authority burden duty guilt importance liability obligation power restraint trust
blame; accountability burden culpability fault guilt liability onus
accountability;
liability
duty; accountability burden charge liability loyalty
fault; blunder crime defect error failing flaw guilt indiscretion lapse liability misconduct miscue misdeed negligence offense omission oversight responsibility transgression weakness wrong wrongdoing
guilt; culpability disgrace indiscretion liability regret remorse responsibility shame sin stigma
legal
ADJ
connected with the law:
allowed by the law:
syn: adj. allowable, permissible; constitutional contractual fair juridical lawful legitimate proper statutory valid
exposure
noun
the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place:
syn: noun uncovering; putting in view or danger; disclosure hazard liability publicity risk vulnerability
urgent
ADJ
very important and needing attention immediately:
syn: adj. needing immediate attention; compelling critical crucial demanding essential immediate imperative important indispensable necessary persuasive pressing serious vital weighty
firmly
ADV
in a way that will not become loose:
syn: adv. immovably; rigidly securely solidly soundly strongly thoroughly tightly
adv. with determination; adamantly decisively doggedly persistently resolutely staunchly steadfastly strictly stubbornly tenaciously
tie up
noun
a connection or agreement that joins two things or organizations:
syn: verb hamper bind clog lock up
confine
verb
to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way:
syn: verb enclose, limit; constrain detain hinder imprison incarcerate jail restrain restrict
participate
verb
to take part in or become involved in an activity:
syn: verb take part in activity; aid compete cooperate engage engage in perform play share
encourage
verb
to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more likely to happen:
syn: verb stimulate spiritually; boost buoy embolden hearten inspire reassure restore spur strengthen
verb give support; help; advocate aid assist bolster boost develop ease favor further improve invite promote reassure reinforce spur strengthen subsidize support
provoke
verb
to cause a reaction, especially a negative one:
syn: verb make angry; aggravate anger enrage foment incite inflame infuriate irk irritate offend raise
verb start, evoke; stimulate; arouse bring about cause elicit galvanize generate incite induce inflame inspire instigate kindle lead to motivate precipitate prompt stir
persuade
verb
to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them believe it:
syn: verb cause to believe; convince to do; advise assure cajole coax enlist entice exhort get impress incline induce influence prompt satisfy sway urge woo
compensate
verb
to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem:
syn: verb make restitution; atone pay recoup refund reimburse repay reward satisfy take care of
verb offset, make up for;
fix
improve
repair
suffer
verb
to experience physical or mental pain:
syn: be in pain; deteriorate endure experience get go through hurt undergo
verb endure, permit; accept bleed encounter experience feel go through have hurt know receive see support sustain take undergo
unambiguous
ADJ
expressed in a way that makes it completely clear what is meant:
syn:
adj. clear
explicit
obvious
exact
ADJ
in great detail, or complete, correct, or true in every way:
syn: adj. accurate, precise; correct definite explicit identical literal perfect rigorous specific true
adj. careful, painstaking exacting meticulous rigorous scrupulous strict
verb demand, call for; compel extort extract impose wrest
insult
Noun
an offensive remark or action:
syn: verb abuse, offend; annoy curse humiliate irritate libel mock outrage provoke ridicule slander taunt
noun hateful communication; abuse affront blasphemy contempt disgrace disrespect indignity invective libel outrage put-down scorn shame slander slap slight snub taunt
relieve
verb
to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong:
syn: verb make less painful; let up on; allay alleviate assuage calm comfort cure diminish ease free mitigate relax soothe subdue
verb help; give assistance;
assist
verb remove blame, responsibility;
absolve
free
bashfulness
Noun
the quality of being very shy or easily embarrassed:
guilt
Noun
a feeling of worry or unhappiness that you have because you have done something wrong, such as causing harm to another person:
syn: noun blame; bad conscience over responsibility; culpability disgrace indiscretion liability regret remorse responsibility shame sin stigma
take part in
to be actively involved in something with other people:
evoke
verb
to make someone remember something or feel an emotion:
convince
verb
to persuade someone to do something
offset
verb
to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result:
endure
verb
to accept or continue in a situation that is difficult or unpleasant
permit
verb
to allow someone to do something
contribute
verb
to give something to someone
syn: verb donate, provide; add commit devote give grant pony up share subsidize supply
verb be partly responsible for; advance assist help lead strengthen support
certainty
Noun
the state of being completely confident or having no doubt about something:
syn: noun positive assurance; confidence inevitability trust
noun fact, resulting truth;
foregone conclusion
reality
anthropogenic
ADJ
caused by humans or their activities:
assurance
Noun a promise:
syn: noun statement to relieve doubt; affirmation assertion guarantee pledge promise security support word
noun confidence;
certainty
security
anniversary
noun
the day on which an important event happened in a previous year:
syn: noun yearly observance, celebration ceremony commemoration festival holiday jubilee
coverage
Noun
the reporting of a particular important event or subject:
syn: noun inclusion; analysis insurance report
inclusion
noun
the idea that everyone should be able to use the same facilities, take part in the same activities, and enjoy the same experiences, including people who have a disability or other disadvantage:
syn: noun addition; admittance formation incorporation involvement
insight
noun (the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation:
syn: noun intuitiveness, awareness; acumen intuition judgment observation understanding vision wisdom
intuitiveness
Noun
the quality of being easy and natural to learn, use, or understand:
awareness
noun
knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or experience:
syn: noun knowledge; alertness appreciation attention consciousness experience information perception realization recognition understanding
central
ADJ
in, at, from, or near the centre or most important part of something:
syn: adj. main, principal; in the middle; basic essential fundamental important key paramount pivotal significant
fluctuate
verb
to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another:
syn: verb vacillate, change; oscillate seesaw vary veer waver
vacillate
verb
to be uncertain what to do, or to change often between two opinions:
syn: verb go back and forth; dither fluctuate oscillate seesaw waffle waver
forth
ADV
(from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward:
syn:
adv. outward;
outward
ADJ
away from the centre:
syn:
adj. visible; for appearances;
apparent
noticeable
sigma
Noun
the eighteenth star in a constellation.
constellation
กลุ่มดาว
subsequently
ADV
afterwards
syn: adv. afterward; afterwards finally later
chairman
Noun
a person in charge of a meeting or organization:
syn: noun authority administrator chairperson chairwoman director leader spokesman
in charge of
responsible for something or someone:
authority
noun
an expert on a subject:
syn: noun expert, animate or inanimate; expert judge law
noun power, control; force government jurisdiction rule
inanimate
ADJ
having none of the characteristics of life that an animal or plant has:
syn:
adj. not alive, not organic
animate
ADJ
having life:
syn:
adj. alive;
adj. lively;
verb bring to life;
lively
ADJ
full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting :
syn: adj. energetic, active, busy animated bright buoyant bustling cheerful enjoyable entertaining festive frisky nimble peppy provocative refreshing spirited stimulating vigorous
enthusiasm
Noun
a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it:
syn: noun keen interest, excitement; ardor devotion eagerness emotion energy feeling fervor frenzy fury intensity interest joy passion spirit warmth zeal
in retrospect
thinking now about something in the past:
socioeconomic
ADJ
related to the differences between groups of people caused mainly by their financial situation:
consequence
Noun
a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient:
syn: noun result, outcome of action; aftereffect aftermath effect fallout issue reaction repercussion
noun importance, significance; concern magnitude need value
convenient
ADJ
suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty:
syn: adj. appropriate, useful; acceptable advantageous agreeable available beneficial comfortable conducive favorable good handy helpful opportune proper suitable timely user-friendly
adj. nearby; accessible available handy immediate
outcome
Noun
the result of something
syn: noun consequence, effect; conclusion event fallout issue reaction result
appropriate
ADJ
suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion:
syn: adj. suitable; applicable apt convenient correct fitting good opportune pertinent proper relevant true useful
verb set aside; allocate; allot apportion devote disburse earmark
verb steal; borrow confiscate embezzle misappropriate secure
set aside
Noun
a part of an amount of government money that must be used to give work to businesses owned by women or minorities (= group who have a different race, culture, or religion to most other people):
syn:
allocate
verb
to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, to use in a particular way:
syn: verb assign; divide among; allot apportion appropriate designate earmark give
assign
verb
to give a particular job or piece of work to someone:
syn: verb select and give a responsibility; accredit allow appoint attach authorize charge commit designate draft elect empower entrust hire name nominate refer select
verb set apart for a reason; allocate allot appoint designate determine distribute give grant hand over
set sth/sb apart
If a quality or characteristic sets someone or something apart, it shows him, her, or it to be different from, and usually better than, others of the same type:
accurate
ADJ agreeing with facts adj. precise; authentic careful correct definite detailed exact factual meticulous proper rigorous scientific skillful solid specific strict systematic true
precise
ADJ
agreeing with facts
signatory
Noun
a person, organization, or country that has signed an agreement:
currently
ADV
at the present time:
syn:
adv. now;
directly
presently
anticipate
verb
to imagine or expect that something will happen:
syn: verb expect; predict; assume await count on forecast foresee prepare for see
verb act in advance of; delay forestall prepare for prevent
worthwhile
ADJ
useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made:
syn: adj. helpful advantageous beneficial constructive excellent good important invaluable justifiable lucrative productive profitable rewarding useful valuable worthy
meteorologist
นักอุตุนิยมวิทยา
turn out
to happen in a particular way or to have a particular result, especially an unexpected one:
decipher
verb
to discover the meaning of something written badly or in a difficult or hidden way:
syn: verb figure out, understand; analyze break down decode deduce elucidate interpret solve translate unravel
