Yes, humans are causing climate change. And we've known for 40 years. Flashcards

1
Q

inevitability

A

Noun
the fact of being certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented:

Syn:
necessity;
essential
fundamental
obligation
precondition
prerequisite
requirement
urgency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

necessity

A

Noun
something that you need, especially in order to live:

syn:
noun) need, essentiality;
essential
fundamental
obligation
precondition
prerequisite
requirement
urgency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

obligation

A

Noun
the fact that you are obliged to do something:

syn:
noun responsibility;
accountability
agreement
bond
burden
commitment
constraint
contract
debt
duty
liability
necessity
need
promise
requirement
right
trust
understanding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

precondition

A

Noun
something that must happen or be true before it is possible for something else to happen:

Syn:
noun condition;
arrangement
essential
necessity
prerequisite
provision
qualification
requirement
requisite
stipulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prerequisite

A

Noun
something that must exist or happen before something else can exist or happen:

Syn:
noun condition, necessity;
essential
must
precondition
qualification
requirement
requisite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

urgency

A

Noun
the quality of being very important and needing attention immediately:

syn:
imperativeness;
importance
seriousness

importance;
desperation
necessity
pressure
seriousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bind

A
verb
to tie something or someone tightly or to fasten something:
 syn:
noun predicament;
crunch
dilemma
pickle
predicament
quandary

verb fasten, secure;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bind

A
verb
to tie something or someone tightly or to fasten something:
 syn:
noun predicament;
crunch
dilemma
pickle
predicament
quandary
verb fasten, secure;
attach
connect
cover
dress
handcuff
restrict
shackle
stick
strap
tether
tie up
unite
wrap
verb obligate; restrict;
confine
constrain
engage
oblige
require
restrict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compel

A

verb
to force someone to do something:

syn:
verb force to act;
constrain
enforce
exact
impel
necessitate
oblige
urge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

constrain

A

verb
to control and limit something:

syn:
force; restrain;
bind
constrict
curb
hold down
inhibit
necessitate
stifle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

impel

A

verb
to make someone feel that they must do something:

syn:
verb prompt, incite;
compel
induce
oblige
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

obligate

A

Verb
to make someone feel morally or legally forced to do something:

syn:
verb require;
constrain
oblige

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

accommodate

A

verb
to accommodate someone

syn:
verb make room, lodging available;
contain
entertain
hold
rent
shelter
take in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gratify

A

verb
to please someone, or to satisfy a wish or need:

syn:
verb give pleasure; satisfy;
delight
enchant
please
thrill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

accountability

A

Noun
the fact of being responsible for what you do and able to give a satisfactory reason for it, or the degree to which this happens:

syn:
responsibility;
liability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

burden

A

noun
a heavy load that you carry:

syn:
mental weight; stress;
anxiety
concern
difficulty
duty
hardship
load
onus
responsibility
strain
task
tax
trouble
worry
verb encumber, strain;
afflict
bother
depress
encumber
hamper
handicap
hinder
lade
oppress
overload
overwhelm
weigh down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

outspoken

A

ADJ
expressing strong opinions very directly without worrying if other people are offended:

syn:
explicit, unreserved;
blunt
candid
forthright
strident
vocal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

commitment

A

Noun
a promise or firm decision to do something:

syn:
noun assurance; obligation;
engagement
guarantee
need
pledge
promise
responsibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

constraint

A

Noun
something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits:

syn:
noun force;
pressure
restraint

noun shyness;
inhibition
restraint

noun restriction;
curb
hindrance
restraint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

contract

A

Noun
a decision or arrangement between groups or people

syn:
noun agreement, deal;
arrangement
bargain
bond
commitment
guarantee
obligation
pact
pledge
record
settlement
verb condense;
consume
decline
decrease
narrow
reduce
shrink
weaken
verb come to terms;
agree
buy
negotiate
owe
settle
sign up
undertake
verb catch disease;
acquire
decline
develop
incur
obtain
weaken
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

debt

A

Noun
something, especially money, that is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something:

syn:
noun money owed to others;
arrears
bill
capital
commitment
credit
damage
deficit
due
indebtedness
liability
mortgage
obligation
price tag
receipt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

liability

A

Noun
the fact that someone is legally responsible for something:

syn:
noun answerability, responsibility;
accountability
burden
culpability
debt
duty
obligation
noun burden, debt;
damage
inconvenience
involvement
loan
mortgage
obligation
responsibility

noun chance, probability;
exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

provision

A

noun
the act of providing something:

syn:
noun supplies, supplying;
arrangement
plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

qualification

A

noun
an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills, etc.:

syn:
noun ability, aptitude;
accomplishment
adequacy
capability
competence
eligibility
experience
fitness
quality
skill
suitability

noun requirement, restriction;
condition
criterion
provision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
requisite
adj necessary or needed for a particular purpose: syn: necessary needed needful
26
stipulation
Noun a rule that must be followed or something that must be done: ``` syn: noun condition of agreement; arrangement clause obligation precondition provision qualification requirement restriction specification ```
27
imperative
Adj extremely important or urgent: ``` Syn: adj. necessary; compulsory critical crucial essential immediate important indispensable inescapable obligatory pressing urgent vital ```
28
desperation
Noun the feeling that you have when you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to take risks in order to change it: ``` syn: noun hopelessness; agony anguish anxiety desolation despair discomfort fear gloom grief heartache melancholy misery pain sorrow unhappiness ``` noun rashness; defiance madness
29
predicament
noun an unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of: ``` syn: noun difficult situation; circumstance crisis deadlock dilemma hardship imbroglio impasse mess plight posture quagmire quandary ```
30
fasten
verb to (cause something to) become firmly fixed together, or in position, or closed: ``` syn: make secure; join together; adhere affix attach bolt glue nail screw solder tighten truss weld ```
31
secure
positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall, or break: ``` syn: verb protect, make safe; assure defend ensure guarantee insure safeguard ``` ``` verb attach, tie up; cement clinch fix settle ``` ``` verb obtain; achieve assure buy capture ensure gain get guarantee have insure take win ``` ``` adj. certain, definite; able confident easy reliable solid stable strong sure ``` adj. fastened, stable; solid strong sure adj. safe protected
32
restrict
verb to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing: ``` syn: verb confine, limit situation or ability to participate; curb decrease define diminish hamper impede inhibit narrow reduce regulate restrain shorten ```
33
incite
verb to encourage someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent: ``` syn: verb encourage, provoke; abet agitate arouse encourage exhort foment inflame inspire instigate motivate prompt provoke rouse set off spur trigger urge whip up ```
34
satisfy
verb to please someone by giving them what they want or need: ``` syn: verb please, content; amuse appease assuage delight elate entertain fascinate flatter gratify mollify placate ``` ``` verb answer, persuade; accomplish appease assuage assure comply with convince do meet provide reassure ``` verb pay, compensate; meet pay off reward
35
liability
noun | the fact that someone is legally responsible for something:
36
afflict
Verb If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it: ``` syn: verb cause or become hurt; annoy beset bother burden oppress plague rack torment torture wound ```
37
explicit
ADJ clear and exact: ``` syn: adj. specific, unambiguous; accurate categorical certain clear clear-cut correct definite definitive exact obvious positive precise straightforward unequivocal ```
38
unreserved
ADJ without any doubts or feeling uncertain; total: syn: adj. outspoken
39
offend
verb to make someone upset or angry: ``` syn: verb displease, insult; aggrieve anger annoy antagonize disgust disturb exasperate gall horrify hurt irritate outrage provoke rile shock sicken sting upset ```
40
assurance
Noun a promise: ``` syn: noun statement to relieve doubt; affirmation assertion guarantee pledge promise security support word ``` noun confidence; certainty security
41
restriction
Noun | an official limit on something:
42
shyness
Noun the condition of being shy: ``` syn: noun bashfulness; insecurity modesty reticence timidity ```
43
owe
verb to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you: syn: verb have an obligation; incur
44
answerability
Noun responsibility for explaining or justifying one's actions. ``` syn: responsibility; authority burden duty guilt importance liability obligation power restraint trust ``` ``` blame; accountability burden culpability fault guilt liability onus ``` accountability; liability ``` duty; accountability burden charge liability loyalty ``` ``` fault; blunder crime defect error failing flaw guilt indiscretion lapse liability misconduct miscue misdeed negligence offense omission oversight responsibility transgression weakness wrong wrongdoing ``` guilt;
45
answerability
Noun responsibility for explaining or justifying one's actions. ``` syn: responsibility; authority burden duty guilt importance liability obligation power restraint trust ``` ``` blame; accountability burden culpability fault guilt liability onus ``` accountability; liability ``` duty; accountability burden charge liability loyalty ``` ``` fault; blunder crime defect error failing flaw guilt indiscretion lapse liability misconduct miscue misdeed negligence offense omission oversight responsibility transgression weakness wrong wrongdoing ``` ``` guilt; culpability disgrace indiscretion liability regret remorse responsibility shame sin stigma ```
46
legal
ADJ connected with the law: allowed by the law: ``` syn: adj. allowable, permissible; constitutional contractual fair juridical lawful legitimate proper statutory valid ```
47
exposure
noun the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place: ``` syn: noun uncovering; putting in view or danger; disclosure hazard liability publicity risk vulnerability ```
48
urgent
ADJ very important and needing attention immediately: ``` syn: adj. needing immediate attention; compelling critical crucial demanding essential immediate imperative important indispensable necessary persuasive pressing serious vital weighty ```
49
firmly
ADV in a way that will not become loose: ``` syn: adv. immovably; rigidly securely solidly soundly strongly thoroughly tightly ``` ``` adv. with determination; adamantly decisively doggedly persistently resolutely staunchly steadfastly strictly stubbornly tenaciously ```
50
tie up
noun a connection or agreement that joins two things or organizations: ``` syn: verb hamper bind clog lock up ```
51
confine
verb to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way: ``` syn: verb enclose, limit; constrain detain hinder imprison incarcerate jail restrain restrict ```
52
participate
verb to take part in or become involved in an activity: ``` syn: verb take part in activity; aid compete cooperate engage engage in perform play share ```
53
encourage
verb to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more likely to happen: ``` syn: verb stimulate spiritually; boost buoy embolden hearten inspire reassure restore spur strengthen ``` ``` verb give support; help; advocate aid assist bolster boost develop ease favor further improve invite promote reassure reinforce spur strengthen subsidize support ```
54
provoke
verb to cause a reaction, especially a negative one: ``` syn: verb make angry; aggravate anger enrage foment incite inflame infuriate irk irritate offend raise ``` ``` verb start, evoke; stimulate; arouse bring about cause elicit galvanize generate incite induce inflame inspire instigate kindle lead to motivate precipitate prompt stir ```
55
persuade
verb to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them believe it: ``` syn: verb cause to believe; convince to do; advise assure cajole coax enlist entice exhort get impress incline induce influence prompt satisfy sway urge woo ```
56
compensate
verb to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem: ``` syn: verb make restitution; atone pay recoup refund reimburse repay reward satisfy take care of ``` verb offset, make up for; fix improve repair
57
suffer
verb to experience physical or mental pain: ``` syn: be in pain; deteriorate endure experience get go through hurt undergo ``` ``` verb endure, permit; accept bleed encounter experience feel go through have hurt know receive see support sustain take undergo ```
58
unambiguous
ADJ expressed in a way that makes it completely clear what is meant: syn: adj. clear explicit obvious
59
exact
ADJ in great detail, or complete, correct, or true in every way: ``` syn: adj. accurate, precise; correct definite explicit identical literal perfect rigorous specific true ``` ``` adj. careful, painstaking exacting meticulous rigorous scrupulous strict ``` ``` verb demand, call for; compel extort extract impose wrest ```
60
insult
Noun an offensive remark or action: ``` syn: verb abuse, offend; annoy curse humiliate irritate libel mock outrage provoke ridicule slander taunt ``` ``` noun hateful communication; abuse affront blasphemy contempt disgrace disrespect indignity invective libel outrage put-down scorn shame slander slap slight snub taunt ```
61
relieve
verb to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong: ``` syn: verb make less painful; let up on; allay alleviate assuage calm comfort cure diminish ease free mitigate relax soothe subdue ``` verb help; give assistance; assist verb remove blame, responsibility; absolve free
62
bashfulness
Noun | the quality of being very shy or easily embarrassed:
63
guilt
Noun a feeling of worry or unhappiness that you have because you have done something wrong, such as causing harm to another person: ``` syn: noun blame; bad conscience over responsibility; culpability disgrace indiscretion liability regret remorse responsibility shame sin stigma ```
64
take part in
to be actively involved in something with other people:
65
evoke
verb | to make someone remember something or feel an emotion:
66
convince
verb | to persuade someone to do something
67
offset
verb | to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result:
68
endure
verb | to accept or continue in a situation that is difficult or unpleasant
69
permit
verb | to allow someone to do something
70
contribute
verb to give something to someone ``` syn: verb donate, provide; add commit devote give grant pony up share subsidize supply ``` ``` verb be partly responsible for; advance assist help lead strengthen support ```
71
certainty
Noun the state of being completely confident or having no doubt about something: ``` syn: noun positive assurance; confidence inevitability trust ``` noun fact, resulting truth; foregone conclusion reality
72
anthropogenic
ADJ | caused by humans or their activities:
73
assurance
Noun a promise: ``` syn: noun statement to relieve doubt; affirmation assertion guarantee pledge promise security support word ``` noun confidence; certainty security
74
anniversary
noun the day on which an important event happened in a previous year: ``` syn: noun yearly observance, celebration ceremony commemoration festival holiday jubilee ```
75
coverage
Noun the reporting of a particular important event or subject: ``` syn: noun inclusion; analysis insurance report ```
76
inclusion
noun the idea that everyone should be able to use the same facilities, take part in the same activities, and enjoy the same experiences, including people who have a disability or other disadvantage: ``` syn: noun addition; admittance formation incorporation involvement ```
77
insight
noun (the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation: ``` syn: noun intuitiveness, awareness; acumen intuition judgment observation understanding vision wisdom ```
78
intuitiveness
Noun | the quality of being easy and natural to learn, use, or understand:
79
awareness
noun knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or experience: ``` syn: noun knowledge; alertness appreciation attention consciousness experience information perception realization recognition understanding ```
80
central
ADJ in, at, from, or near the centre or most important part of something: ``` syn: adj. main, principal; in the middle; basic essential fundamental important key paramount pivotal significant ```
81
fluctuate
verb to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another: ``` syn: verb vacillate, change; oscillate seesaw vary veer waver ```
82
vacillate
verb to be uncertain what to do, or to change often between two opinions: ``` syn: verb go back and forth; dither fluctuate oscillate seesaw waffle waver ```
83
forth
ADV (from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward: syn: adv. outward;
84
outward
ADJ away from the centre: syn: adj. visible; for appearances; apparent noticeable
85
sigma
Noun | the eighteenth star in a constellation.
86
constellation
กลุ่มดาว
87
subsequently
ADV afterwards ``` syn: adv. afterward; afterwards finally later ```
88
chairman
Noun a person in charge of a meeting or organization: ``` syn: noun authority administrator chairperson chairwoman director leader spokesman ```
89
in charge of
responsible for something or someone:
90
authority
noun an expert on a subject: ``` syn: noun expert, animate or inanimate; expert judge law ``` ``` noun power, control; force government jurisdiction rule ```
91
inanimate
ADJ having none of the characteristics of life that an animal or plant has: syn: adj. not alive, not organic
92
animate
ADJ having life: syn: adj. alive; adj. lively; verb bring to life;
93
lively
ADJ full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting : ``` syn: adj. energetic, active, busy animated bright buoyant bustling cheerful enjoyable entertaining festive frisky nimble peppy provocative refreshing spirited stimulating vigorous ```
94
enthusiasm
Noun a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it: ``` syn: noun keen interest, excitement; ardor devotion eagerness emotion energy feeling fervor frenzy fury intensity interest joy passion spirit warmth zeal ```
95
in retrospect
thinking now about something in the past:
96
socioeconomic
ADJ | related to the differences between groups of people caused mainly by their financial situation:
97
consequence
Noun a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient: ``` syn: noun result, outcome of action; aftereffect aftermath effect fallout issue reaction repercussion ``` ``` noun importance, significance; concern magnitude need value ```
98
convenient
ADJ suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty: ``` syn: adj. appropriate, useful; acceptable advantageous agreeable available beneficial comfortable conducive favorable good handy helpful opportune proper suitable timely user-friendly ``` ``` adj. nearby; accessible available handy immediate ```
99
outcome
Noun the result of something ``` syn: noun consequence, effect; conclusion event fallout issue reaction result ```
100
appropriate
ADJ suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion: ``` syn: adj. suitable; applicable apt convenient correct fitting good opportune pertinent proper relevant true useful ``` ``` verb set aside; allocate; allot apportion devote disburse earmark ``` ``` verb steal; borrow confiscate embezzle misappropriate secure ```
101
set aside
Noun a part of an amount of government money that must be used to give work to businesses owned by women or minorities (= group who have a different race, culture, or religion to most other people): syn:
102
allocate
verb to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, to use in a particular way: ``` syn: verb assign; divide among; allot apportion appropriate designate earmark give ```
103
assign
verb to give a particular job or piece of work to someone: ``` syn: verb select and give a responsibility; accredit allow appoint attach authorize charge commit designate draft elect empower entrust hire name nominate refer select ``` ``` verb set apart for a reason; allocate allot appoint designate determine distribute give grant hand over ```
104
set sth/sb apart
If a quality or characteristic sets someone or something apart, it shows him, her, or it to be different from, and usually better than, others of the same type:
105
accurate
``` ADJ agreeing with facts adj. precise; authentic careful correct definite detailed exact factual meticulous proper rigorous scientific skillful solid specific strict systematic true ```
106
precise
ADJ | agreeing with facts
107
signatory
Noun | a person, organization, or country that has signed an agreement:
108
currently
ADV at the present time: syn: adv. now; directly presently
109
anticipate
verb to imagine or expect that something will happen: ``` syn: verb expect; predict; assume await count on forecast foresee prepare for see ``` ``` verb act in advance of; delay forestall prepare for prevent ```
110
worthwhile
ADJ useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made: ``` syn: adj. helpful advantageous beneficial constructive excellent good important invaluable justifiable lucrative productive profitable rewarding useful valuable worthy ```
111
meteorologist
นักอุตุนิยมวิทยา
112
turn out
to happen in a particular way or to have a particular result, especially an unexpected one:
113
decipher
verb to discover the meaning of something written badly or in a difficult or hidden way: ``` syn: verb figure out, understand; analyze break down decode deduce elucidate interpret solve translate unravel ```