A mix-and-match approach to COVID-19 vaccines could provide logistical and immunological benefit

Question 1

Shot

Answer 1

Verb

past simple and past participle of shoot

Noun
a kick, hit, or throw of the ball that is intended to score points in a sport such as cricket, football, tennis, or golf:
= And that was a great shot by Márquez!
=Murray drove a forehand shot down the line to win the match.

Noun
the action of firing a gun or another weapon:
= He fired four shots at the car as it drove off.

Noun
an attempt to do or achieve something that you have not done before:

=I thought I’d have a shot at making my own wine.
=I’ve never tried bowling before, but I thought I’d give it a shot.

Noun
an injection (= the act of putting a drug or vaccine into someone's body with a needle), or an amount of the drug or vaccine put into the body by a single injection:

= It’s important to get regular flu shots.
=The doctor gave him a shot of morphine.

Question 2

Rollout

Answer 2

Noun

the act of making something, especially a product or service, available for the first time:

= Since its rollout in fall of 1999, PayPal has gained millions of members.

Question 3

inconsistent

Answer 3

Adj
If a reason, idea, opinion, etc. is inconsistent, different parts of it do not agree, or it does not agree with something else:

= These findings are inconsistent with those of previous studies.

Syn: always becoming different
changing;
We must navigate changing attitudes about women in leadership.
changeable;
British weather is notoriously changeable.
varied;
He has had a rich and varied career.
fluid;
Our travel plans are fluid because of the train strike.
dynamic;
The Japanese economy is much more dynamic than our own.

Question 4

strike

Answer 4

Verb
to refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels, or job losses:

= Democratization has brought workers the right to strike and join a trade union.
=We’re striking for better pay and improved safety standards.
= Despite the exhortations of the union leaders the workers voted to strike.
=The only option available to us is to strike.
=They are threatening to strike if their demands are not met.
=There’s a very real possibility that they might strike.
=If the management wouldn’t listen to their demands, they would have to force the issue by striking.

Verb
to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly:
= I have a life insurance policy that will take care of my family if disaster strikes.
=The disease has struck the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families.
=They predict that a large earthquake will strike the west coast before the end of the decade.

Verb

to hit someone or something
hit;
She was expelled for hitting another pupil.
whack;
She whacked the water with her paddle.
bash;
The swinging door bashed him in the face.
strike;
She had been struck on the head with a golf ball.
beat;
He was cruel to his dog and beat it with a stick.
punch;
He punched me in the stomach.

Question 5

uneven

Answer 5

Adj
not level, equal, flat, or continuous:
= Be careful on that path - the paving stones are uneven.
=There is an uneven distribution of wealth across the country from the north to the south.
=The contest was very uneven - the other team was much stronger than us.

different in quality; often used to avoid saying bad:
=Your work has been a little uneven this term, Matthew.

Question 6

approach

Answer 6

Verb
to come near or nearer to something or someone in space, time, quality, or amount:
= We could just see the train approaching in the distance.
=If you look out of the window on the left, you’ll see that we’re now approaching the Eiffel Tower.
=I see it’s approaching lunchtime, so let’s take a break.
=In my opinion, no other composers even begin to approach (= come near in quality to) Mozart.
=The total amount raised so far is approaching (= almost) $1,000.
He’s very active for a man approaching 80 (= who is almost 80 years old).

to come closer in space or time
approach;
A stranger approached and asked to have her picture taken with him.
come/get closer;
The swarm of bees was coming closer and closer.
come/get nearer;
As she came nearer the building the movement of the crowd became slower.
draw closer/nearer;
The holidays are drawing closer.
come up;
A stranger came up to me and shook my hand.
walk, go, etc. up;
I went up to him and asked him who he was.

to deal with something:

=We really ought to approach the problem in a more scientific manner.
=He approached the task in a very mature and systematic way.
=It’s difficult to know how to approach such a complex situation.
=The new boss approaches staff discipline much more strictly.
=My two children have very different ways of approaching things.

to speak to, write to, or visit someone in order to do something such as make a request or business agreement:

=We’ve just approached the bank for/about a loan.
=She’s been approached by a modelling agency.

Noun

a feeling or opinion about something or someone
attitudeHis attitude towards authority has often got him into trouble.
outlookI wish I could share your positive outlook on life.
frame of mindI need to be in the right frame of mind to talk about this.
approachIt’s time to try a different approach to the problem.
viewpointHis viewpoint is his own and does not affect how I think about the issue.
point of viewFrom a strictly financial point of view it looks like a positive change.

Question 7

alleviate

Answer 7

to make something bad such as pain or problems less severe:

=The drugs did nothing to alleviate her pain/suffering.

Question 8

regimen

Answer 8

Noun
any set of rules about food and exercise that someone follows, especially in order to improve their health:

= After his heart attack the doctor put him on a strict regimen.

Synonym
regime

Question 9

regime

Answer 9

Noun
a particular way of operating or organizing a business, etc.:
= The regime tried to silence dissent with a programme of mass murder.
=He urged governments worldwide to break diplomatic ties with the new regime.
=The government was accused of covert military operations against the regime.
=The once docile population has finally risen up against the ruthless regime.
=The drafting of a new constitution cannot be a monopoly of the white minority regime .

Question 10

manufacture

Answer 10

Verb

to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines:

= He works for a company that manufactures car parts.
=The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods.

make;
Can I make you a cup of coffee?
produce;
California produces a lot of grapes.
create;
Leonardo da Vinci created the masterpiece we know as "Mona Lisa".
invent;
Alexander Graham Bell is credited with inventing the telephone.
develop;
They are working to develop the next generation of underwater vehicles.
manufacture;
The car is manufactured in Germany.

to build something
build;
The house was built in the 1950s.
construct;
The company wants to construct a 175-mile pipeline.
put something up;
Putting up a wall will not solve the problem.
erect;
It’s unlawful to erect a building until you get approval.
assemble;
He has a job assembling furniture in a warehouse.
put together;
Without the instruction sheet, I’ve got no idea how to put all these parts together.

Syn:

fabricate especially US
make (PRODUCE)

Question 11

Tap

Answer 11

Verb

to hit something gently, and often repeatedly, especially making short, sharp noises:
= The branches tapped against the window.
=I could hear him tapping his fingers on the desk.
=I was tapping my feet (= hitting the floor gently with my feet) to the music.
=Someone tapped me on the shoulder.

to touch the screen of a phone, tablet computer, etc. in order to give an instruction for something to happen :
= You can manage the repeat and shuffle options by tapping the screen once and swiping to the left.
=When I tapped on the update button, the screen went blank.

Noun

a device that controls the flow of liquid, especially water, from a pipe:

= the hot/cold tap
=Turn the tap on/off.

Question 12

Opt

Answer 12

Verb

to choose or choose to do something

choose;
There are thirty-one flavours of ice cream to choose from.
pick;
He’s been picked for the school football team.
select;
We’ve selected three candidates.
opt (for);
Mike’s opted for early retirement.
decide (on);
I’ve decided on blue walls for the bathroom.
go for;
UK I think I’ll go for the chocolate cake.

=Many students opt for business studies simply because it sounds like a passport to a good job.
=During the recession, the government opted for a policy of pay/wage restraint rather than a reduction in public investment.
=Instead of paying in one lump sum, he opted to pay in monthly instalments.
=Many commuters are opting to cycle to work.
=Both boys opted for the Navy when they left school.

Question 13

interchangeable

Answer 13

Adj
able to be exchanged with each other without making any difference or without being noticed:

=interchangeable parts
=The terms “drinking problem” and “alcohol abuse” are often interchangeable.

Question 14

Robust

Answer 14

Adj

(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail:

= He looks robust and healthy enough.
=a robust pair of walking boots
=a robust economy

not breaking easily
strong;
You will need a strong cardboard box to carry all those books.
tough;
Ceramic tiles are tougher than plastic shower screens.
sturdy;
You’ll need sturdy boots for this weather.
solid;
You will need to build a good solid base for your shed.
hard-wearing;
Cotton canvas is the most hard-wearing fabric.

Question 15

suspect

Answer 15

Verb
to think or believe something to be true or probable:
= So far, the police do not suspect foul play.
=[ + (that) ] We had no reason to suspect (that) he might try to kill himself.
=”Do you think she’ll have told them?” “I suspect not/so.”
= I suspect he cheats the taxman .
=I don’t really know how she got the job, but I suspect her mother’s got contacts.
=We suspect he means to dishonour the agreement made three years ago.
=I suspect the doctor thought I was just another hysterical female.
=She has this apparent innocence which, I suspect, she uses to her advantage.

Noun
a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad:
= Police have issued a photograph of the suspect.
The prime suspect in the case committed suicide.
=No one knows what caused the outbreak of food poisoning, but shellfish is the main suspect (= is thought to have caused it).

possibly false or dangerous:
Adj
The study was carried out with such a small sample that its results are suspect.
A suspect parcel was found at the station.

Question 16

exposure

Answer 16

Noun
the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place:

= You should always limit your exposure to the sun.
=Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous.
= According to received wisdom, exposure to low level radioactivity is harmless.
=We know that prolonged exposure to vibration can weaken aircraft components.
=She gradually became deaf after lengthy exposure to noise in the workplace.
=Researchers concluded that low level exposure to the chemical was unlikely to cause harm.
=Even at low levels of exposure, lead can impair a child’s learning ability and cause behavioural problems.

Question 17

portion

Answer 17

Noun
a part or share of something larger:
= A large/major portion of the company’s profit goes straight back into new projects.
=I accept my portion of the blame.

the amount of a particular food that is served to one person, especially in a restaurant or a shop that sells food ready to be eaten:
= She donated a sizeable portion of her riches to children’s charities.
=A good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two and a half handfuls.
=Just a modest portion for me, please.
=The school would only receive a very small portion of the profits.
=A very large portion of our income goes to pay the mortgage.

Question 18

array

Answer 18

Noun

a large group of things or people, especially one that is attractive or causes admiration or has been positioned in a particular way:

= There was a splendid array of food on the table.
=They sat before an array of microphones and cameras.

Verb

to arrange a group of things in a particular way:
= A large number of magazines were arrayed on the stand.
=Arrayed (= standing in a group) before him were 40 schoolchildren in purple and green.

Question 19

corresponding

Answer 19

Adj

similar to, connected with, or caused by something else:
= Company losses were 50 percent worse than in the corresponding period last year.
=As the course becomes more difficult, there’s usually a corresponding drop in attendance.

adj.equivalent, matching
analogous
comparable
reciprocal

Question 20

fend sb off

Answer 20

Verb
to push or send away an attacker or other unwanted person:

= He managed to fend off his attackers with a stick.
=She spent the entire evening fending off unwanted admirers.

Question 21

infection

Answer 21

Noun
a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus:
= The breathing problem has now been complicated by a chest infection.
=White blood cells help defend the body against infection.
=He’s on antibiotics for an ear infection.
=They tested her blood for signs of the infection.
=If the infection is not checked it will probably spread to the upper body.

Question 22

range

Answer 22

Noun
a set of similar things:
= I offered her a range of options.
=There is a wide/whole range of opinions on this issue.

Question 23

likelihood

Answer 23

Noun

the chance that something will happen:
=This latest dispute greatly increases the likelihood of a strike.
=[ + that ] There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost later this year.
=There is little likelihood now that interest rates will come down further.

the chance of something happening
chance;
There’s a good chance he’ll resign.
probability;
What’s the probability of winning?
odds;
What are the odds that she takes him back?
likelihood;
The treaty increases the likelihood that the cease-fire will hold.
possibility;
There’s a distinct possibility I won’t be able to make it to the pub tonight.

Question 24

aspect

Answer 24

Noun(feature)
one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.:
= Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?
=His illness affects almost every aspect of his life.
=That’s the most worrying aspect of the situation.
=Lighting is a vitally important aspect of filmmaking.
=Have you thought about the problem from every aspect?
= The idea was to modernize various aspects of the house without changing its essential character.
=Individuals and businesses appear woefully uninformed about this aspect of the information age.
=You must consider each problem as an aspect of the whole.
=The divorce affected every aspect of her life.
=Our new administrator seems to be trying to stamp her authority on every aspect of the department.

Question 25

Element

Answer 25

Noun (part)
a part of something:

=List the elements that make up a perfect dinner party.
=The movie had all the elements of a good thriller.
=We weren’t even taught the elements of (= basic information about) physics at school.
=subversive elements in society
=All these different political elements have somehow been yoked together to form a new alliance.
=They’ve introduced all sorts of new elements to that programme in order to broaden its appeal.
=Reactionary elements in the industry are preventing its progress towards greater efficiency.
=The television adverts were, of course, an important element of the campaign.

Question 26

composed

Answer 26

Adj
calm and in control of your emotions:
= She looked remarkably composed throughout the funeral.

Question 27

snippet

Answer 27

Noun

a small and often interesting piece of news, information, or conversation:
= I heard an interesting snippet on the radio this morning.
=I love listening to snippets of conversation in restaurants.

Question 28

recipe

Answer 28

Noun
a set of instructions telling you how to prepare and cook food, including a list of what food is needed for this:
= For real South Asian food, just follow these recipes.
=Do you know a good recipe for wholemeal bread?
= You’ll need a can of tuna for this recipe.
=Baking a cake isn’t difficult - it’s just a matter of following the recipe.
=The recipe is given in both metric and imperial measures.
=I never follow recipes exactly when I cook - I just use them as rough guides.
=I’m always on the lookout for interesting new recipes.

Question 29

instruction

Answer 29

Noun(order)
something that someone tells you to do:

information
information;
Can I get some information on uni courses?
details;
Please send me details of your training courses.
directions;
Just follow the directions on the label.
instructions;
Have you read the instructions all the way through?
directions;
We had to stop and ask for directions.
guidelines;
The government has issued new guidelines on health and safety at work.

Question 30

Slip

Answer 30

Verb(slide)

to slide without intending to:

=She slipped on the ice.
=Careful you don’t slip - there’s water on the floor.
=The razor slipped while he was shaving and he cut himself.

to move out of the correct position:
= Her hat had slipped over one eye.
=He could feel the rope slipping out of his grasp.
= I slipped on the ice and landed right on my bottom!
=Careful you don’t slip on this floor in your socks!
=He’d slipped in the bath and broken his hip.
=The glass just slipped from my grasp.
=I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.

Verb(do quickly)
to go somewhere or put something somewhere quickly, often so that you are not noticed:

= Just slip out of the room while nobody’s looking.
=She slipped between the cool cotton sheets and was soon asleep.
=He slipped a piece of paper into my hand with his address on it.
=[ + two objects ] If you slip the waiter some money/slip some money to the waiter he’ll give you the best table.
= I slipped quietly out of the back door.
=She found the side-door open and slipped into the house unseen.
=We managed to slip away unnoticed.
=I slipped a key into his hand while she wasn’t looking.
=I slipped a ten-pound note into his hand as we hugged.

Noun(piece of paper)
a small piece of paper:
=a slip of paper
=If you want to order a book fill out the green slip.

Question 31

rely on/upon something/someone

Answer 31

Phrasal verb

to depend on or trust someone or something:

=You can’t rely on good weather for the whole trip.
=The system relies too heavily on one person.

Question 32

modify

Answer 32

Verb(change)
to change something such as a plan, opinion, law, or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable:

=Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages offenders to modify their behaviour.
=The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form.

to make different
change;
She’ll always be like that - you can’t change her.
alter;
We’ve had to alter our plans.
vary;
Try to vary the children’s diet a little.
convert;
We’re going to convert the spare bedroom into an office.
turn into;
There are plans to turn his latest book into a film.
transform;
The riverside area has been transformed into a shopping and sports complex.

Question 33

investigate

Answer 33

Verb
to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth:
=Police are investigating allegations of corruption involving senior executives.
=[ + question word ] We are of course investigating how an error like this could have occurred.
= Scotland Yard have been called in to investigate the murder.
=The remit of this official inquiry is to investigate the reasons for the accident.
=The government set up a commission to investigate the problem of inner city violence.
=The UN is investigating new methods of population control .
=I wonder what that noise was in the kitchen - I’d better go and investigate.

Question 34

underway

Answer 34

Adj
If something is underway, it is happening now:
Economic recovery is already underway.

Question 35

trial

Answer 35

Noun test
a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable something or someone is:
= They’re doing clinical trials on a new drug.
=They’ve employed her for a six-month trial (period).
=You can have the equipment on a trial basis (UK also on trial), and if you don’t like it you can give it back.
= Clinical trials of the new drug may take five years.
=Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be =confirmed by further medical trials.
=We’ve got a lawnmower on trial.
=Preliminary trials show that the drug may be effective.

Question 36

preliminary

Answer 36

Adj
coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it:
= Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by further medical trials.
=We’ve decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings.
=The preliminary results are very positive.
=Our preliminary findings suggest an increased risk for those aged over 60.
=Jackson is performing well in the preliminary stages of the competition.
=The two officials will be meeting today in order to establish a preliminary agreement.
=I’d like to make a few preliminary remarks before we begin the discussion.

Noun
an event or action that introduces or prepares for something else:
=After a few polite preliminaries (= introductions), we stated our main ideas and intentions.
=The French team finished first in the competition preliminaries (= the first part of the competition).

Question 37

peer-reviewed

Answer 37

Reviewed by pro

Question 38

protective

Answer 38

Adj

giving protection:

wanting to protect someone from criticism, hurt, danger, etc. because you like them very much:
=It’s easy to be too protective towards/of your children.
=She’s fiercely protective of the man she married 29 years ago.
= I keep my computer printer under a protective plastic cover.
=People who work with furnaces in a steel factory need to wear protective clothing.
=The protective covering must be insensitive to light and heat.
=The anti-personnel mines were laid as a protective shield around the town.
=In some diseases, the protective layer in a joint wears away.

Question 39

mild

Answer 39

Adj(slight)

not violent, severe, or extreme:
= She can’t accept even mild criticism of her work.
=He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious.
= Do you prefer mild or mature cheddar?
=He’s been a bit dizzy and confused since the accident. Do you think it’s mild concussion?
=This cream contains a mild analgesic to soothe stings and bites.
=’Idiot!’ is a mild term of abuse .
=Caffeine, which is found in coffee and tea, is a mild stimulant.

Question 40

moderate

Answer 40

Adj(medium-sized)
neither small nor large in size, amount, degree, or strength:
=The cabin is of moderate size - just right for a small family.
=moderate growth/inflation
=He’s a moderate drinker.
= Imposing sanctions is a moderate action when you consider that the alternative is military intervention.
=There has been a moderate improvement in her health since she began the treatment.
=We have had moderate success in changing people’s attitudes.
= A moderate intake of caffeine should not harm you.
=Cook the sauce over a moderate heat.
=They are looking for moderate economic growth.
=The hotel was a moderate price.
=Temperatures remained moderate throughout the day.

Question 41

expand

Answer 41

Verb
to increase
increase;
W need to increase production to meet demand.
grow;
The number of people living alone grows each year.
rise;
Prices rose by 10 per cent.
go up;
House prices keep going up.
escalate;
Crime in the city has escalated in recent weeks.

Question 42

namely

Answer 42

Adv
used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said:
= We need to get more teachers into the classrooms where they’re most needed, namely in high poverty areas.
=I learned an important lesson when I lost my job, namely that nothing is a hundred percent guaranteed.
= I want you to know one thing, namely that if you run up debts, we will not pay them for you.
=He was active in poorer parts of the church, namely in inner London and Manchester.

Question 43

viral

Answer 43

Adj

caused by a virus:

Question 44

though

Answer 44

Conj

despite the fact that

but

=He blurted everything out about the baby, though we’d agreed to keep it a secret for a while.
=I play the piano tolerably well, though I have no particular talent for it.
=Even though she hasn’t really got the time, she still offered to help.
=I enjoyed her new book though it’s not quite as good as her last one.
=Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been confirmed.

Question 45

apprehensive

Answer 45

Verb

feeling worried about something that you are going to do or that is going to happen:
=I’m very apprehensive about tomorrow’s meeting.
=I’ve invited a lot of people to the party, but I’m a little apprehensive that no one will come.

afraid
afraid;
She was afraid of the dark.
frightened;
Don't be frightened, my dog is quite friendly.
scared;
Are you scared of spiders?
petrified;
He got to the top of the tree and was absolutely petrified he'd fall.
terrified;
I'm terrified of flying.
panic-stricken;
She was panic-stricken when her little boy disappeared.

worried
worried;
I’m worried that he’s not going to graduate.
concerned;
Aren’t you concerned that she might tell someone?
perturbed;
He didn’t seem unduly perturbed by the news.
fretful;
She got a fretful night’s sleep after the dreadful news.
anxious;
All this waiting is making me anxious.
apprehensive;
He’s a bit apprehensive about leaving home.