Low-Cost Lamps Light Rural India Flashcards
humble
adj
poor or of a low social rank:
Even when she became rich and famous, she never forgot her humble background.
syn: adj. poor, inferior modest obscure ordinary simple unassuming unpretentious
glow
n
continuous light and/or heat that is produced by something:
the glow of the fire
Neon emits a characteristic red glow.
syn: noun burning, brightness afterglow bloom blossom brilliance glare gleam glimmer glitter intensity light radiance ray warmth
fortnight
n
a period of two weeks:
a fortnight’s holiday
once a fortnight
a fortnight ago
How much would it cost to hire a car for a fortnight?
She felt rejuvenated by her fortnight in the Bahamas.
First prize is a fortnight in Barbados and second prize is a weekend in Rome.
We spent a fortnight in Rome looking at all the sights.
He has secured a fortnight’s work experience at a firm of solicitors.
strain
จ้อง
emit
v
to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas:
The alarm emits infrared rays which are used to detect any intruder.
The machine emits a high-pitched sound when you press the button.
diode
n
a device that controls an electric current so that it can only flow in one direction
bulb
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/images/thumb/lightb_noun_002_21219_2.jpg?version=5.0.185
leap
v
to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another:
He leaped out of his car and ran towards the house.
I leaped up to answer the phone.
The dog leaped over the gate into the field.
He remembered the old adage ‘look before you leap’.
He leaped across the river.
She leaped up to help him.
When the bell rang, she leaped to the door.
She leaped onto the chair.
subsidised
v
support (an organization or activity) financially.
recent
adj
happening or starting from a short time ago:
Is that a recent photo?
Have you been following recent political events?
In recent times/years/months, etc. there has been an increase in the amount of violence on television.
In recent years I’ve been cursed with worsening eyesight.
The party’s ambitions have been deflated by the two recent by-election defeats.
They’ve updated a lot of the entries in the most recent edition of the encyclopaedia.
He dismissed recent rumours about his private life as fictitious.
House prices have plummeted in recent months.
conventional
adj
traditional and ordinary:
conventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes
conventional medicine/farming
a conventional wedding
disapproving I find his art dull and conventional.
adj adj. common, normal current ordinary regular traditional typical
scepticism
n
an attitude that shows you doubt whether something is true or useful:
The company’s environmental claims have been greeted/regarded/treated with scepticism by conservationists.
There was a climate of scepticism surrounding the conference.
Perhaps he detected the suppressed scepticism in my voice.
There is growing scepticism about donations to charities and what they do with the money.
Others expressed scepticism about the usefulness of this procedure.
Ken overcame his scepticism and decided to give it a try.
revolutionize
v
to completely change something so that it is much better:
Newton’s discoveries revolutionized physics.
v
to make a big change or improvement to the way something works or looks, or to the way that people do a particular activity:
Credit scores revolutionized the borrowing process by allowing lenders to make faster, more objective decisions about a person’s ability to repay.
Electronic cash systems have revolutionized the way that people around the world pay for goods and services.
revolutionize an industry/business/workplace The company has invested $200 million, in a move aimed at revolutionizing the electric car industry.
scenario
n
a description of possible actions or events in the future:
There are several possible scenarios.
a horrific/nightmare scenario such as a Third World War
See also
worst-case scenario
More examples
The most likely scenario is that house prices rise again, forcing interest rates up.
The worst scenario is that we lose two or three thousand pounds.
There are several possible scenarios.
Imagine the scenario - David turns up and we’re all there, waiting for him.
A doomsday scenario is not out of the question.
primitive
adj
relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system:
Primitive races colonized these islands 2,000 years ago.
primitive man
The spiny anteater is a mammal, although a very primitive one.
syn: adj. ancient, original archaic basic primeval primordial pristine undeveloped
ambitious
adj
having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich:
an ambitious young lawyer
He’s very ambitious for his children (= he wants them to be successful).
syn adj. desiring success aggressive determined earnest energetic enthusiastic resourceful
express
v
to show a feeling, opinion, or fact:
Her eyes expressed deep sadness.
I would like to express my thanks for your kindness.
Words can’t express how happy I am.
These figures are expressed as a percentage of the total.
syn: verb articulate; signify, mean assert communicate convey declare disclose give hint indicate put reveal say show speak suggest tell voice
reservation
n
an arrangement in which something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant is kept for you:
I’d like to make a table reservation for two people for nine o’clock.
Please confirm your reservation in writing by Friday.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
an appointment
appointment; I made a dentist’s appointment for Monday morning.
reservation; I have a reservation for 8 pm.
booking; I have a booking in the name of Smith.
commitment; I have no commitments tomorrow, so let’s meet up in the morning.
in bulk
in large amounts:
The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs.
incur
v
to experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you have taken:
to incur debts/fines/bills
The play has incurred the wrath/anger of both audiences and critics.
Please detail any costs/expenses incurred by you in attending the interview.
syn: verb bring upon oneself; acquire arouse earn obtain provoke
import duty
n
a tax placed on goods coming into one country from another:
impose/raise/reduce import duties on sth The country has raised import duties on consumer goods.
subject to/exempt from import duty
syn: contribution cost duty expense fine levy price rate tariff
noun burden
charge
duty
burden
n
a heavy load that you carry:
The little donkey struggled under its heavy burden.
exempt
v
to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc.:
Small businesses have been exempted from the tax increase.
avail
n
use, purpose, advantage, or profit:
We tried to persuade her not to resign, but to no avail (= did not succeed).
My attempts to improve the situation were of little/no avail.
ได้ผล
entrepreneur
n
someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity:
He was one of the entrepreneurs of the 80s who made their money in property.
syn noun person who starts a business alone administrator contractor executive manager producer
initial
adj
of or at the beginning:
My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight.
Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been confirmed.
More examples
The initial earthquake was followed by a series of aftershocks.
The doctor has made an initial diagnosis, but there’ll be an additional examination by a specialist.
The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it’s looking quite promising.
As the plot unfolds, you gradually realize that all your initial assumptions were wrong.
The final technical report into the accident reinforces the findings of initial investigations.
syn: adj. beginning, primary basic introductory original
avid
adj
extremely eager or interested:
an avid football fan
an avid supporter of the arts
He took an avid interest in the project.
formal She hadn’t seen him for six months and was avid for news.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
eager to do or have something
eager; She was eager to help.
excited; The children were very excited to go to the zoo.
avid; He took an avid interest in the project.
enthusiastic; He was very enthusiastic about the idea of moving to Spain.
be dying for/to do; I’m dying for a glass of water
raring to; I’ve bought all the paint and I’m raring to get started on the decorating.
bring sth down
v
to reduce the level of something:
They’ve really brought down the price of DVD players.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
to decrease
decrease; The tests show that the tumour has decreased in size since we started treatment.
lessen; A healthy diet lessens your risk for cardiovascular disease.
lower; They’ve just lowered the age at which you can join.
reduce; They’ve just reduced the price.
bring down; They are bringing down their prices.
drop; Stock prices dropped today after the company’s announcement.
Micro Credit
Micro Credit คือ เป็นคำที่ใช้เรียกชื่อ สินเชื่อขนาดเล็กที่เปิดโอกาสให้กับกลุ่มคนที่ไม่มีหลักทรัพย์ที่จะใช้ในการค้ำประกันเพื่อขอสินเชื่อกับทางธนาคารหรือสถาบันการเงินได้เข้าถึงแหล่งเงินกู้ที่มีดอกเบี้ยต่ำได้ง่ายขึ้นนั่นเองค่ะ
envy
n
the feeling that you wish you had something that someone else has:
I watched with envy as she set off for the airport.
transmission
n
the process of broadcasting or sending out something by radio or television, on the internet, etc., or something that is broadcast or sent out :
Broadband transmission has speeded up access to these sites.
We rely on high-speed transmission of data.
We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
More examples
The microphone converts acoustic waves to electrical signals for transmission.
Satellite transmissions of medical data will enable doctors at the two institutions to do long-distance consultations.
TV transmissions were interrupted for the announcement of the princess’s death.
distribution
n
the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something:
Has the Channel Tunnel improved the distribution of goods between the British Isles and mainland Europe?
การกระจาย
a manager has the choice of four types of distribution
far less
น้อยกว่ามาก
She has been eating far less.นางกิน น้อยลง มาก
You have been very kind to me, and I have been far less grateful than you deserve. ข้า ยัง ขอบคุณ เจ้า น้อย เกินไป กว่า ที่ เจ้า ควรจะ ได้รับ
maintenance
n
the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition:
Old houses need a lot of maintenance.
There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off.
The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs.
More examples
The network will be down for an hour for routine maintenance.
The new ships, propelled by gas turbines, require less maintenance than older, steam-driven ones.
This course is designed to give drivers a grounding in car maintenance.
There is a risk that the debt-ridden airline that may be tempted to scrimp on maintenance or security.
It’s just a regular maintenance shutdown.
money that a person must pay regularly by law in order to support their child or previous marriage partner after a divorce (= official end to a marriage):
He refused to pay maintenance for his three children.
a situation in which something continues to exist or is not allowed to become less:
the maintenance of living standards
reliable
adj
เชื่อถือได้
วางใจได้
น่าเชื่อถือ
syn: adj. trustworthy decent decisive dependable good honest positive predictable respectable safe sincere solid stable steady strong true
instruct
v
to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way:
The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area.
to teach someone how to do something:
He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
to teach someone
teach; She is teaching me French.
instruct; His job is to instruct people in the use of the gym equipment.
train; She trains new hairdressers.
coach; He coaches young football players.
tutor; She tutors students in French.
educate; How much does it cost to educate a child privately?
luminosity
ความสว่าง
diminish
v
to reduce or be reduced in size or importance:
I don’t want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.
These memories will not be diminished by time.
What he did has seriously diminished him in many people’s eyes.
We’ve seen our house diminish greatly/sharply/substantially in value over the last six months.
Later on in life the sex drive tends to diminish.
Rising unemployment has diminished the bargaining power of people with jobs.
The inaccuracy of the missiles greatly diminishes their effectiveness.
Her popularity as a singer has diminished since the glory days of the 1980s.
Fresh snow meant that our chances of reaching the summit slowly diminished.\
syn: verb become or cause to be less abate curtail decline decrease dwindle ebb lessen lower recede reduce shrink slacken subside temper wane weaken
