Yersinia & Proteus Flashcards
Which three species of Yersinia are important?
Three species are important
1. Y. pestis
2. Y. enterocolitica
3. Y. pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia are gram ________.
Negative
Yersinia are ____ shaped.
rod
What staining is use to detect Yersinia bacteria on a histological slide?
Bipolar staining
What can be seen here?
Yersinia
Bipolar staining
Yersinia can be both flagellated and non-flagellated. If the Yersinia in your sample do NOT possess flagella, they are described as?
Which Yersinia strain would fall under this category?
Absent = non-motile = Y. pestis.
No H antigen
Yersinia can be both flagellated and non-flagellated. If the Yersinia in your sample DO possess flagella, they are described as?
Which Yersinia strain would fall under this category?
Motile (has flagella) –
Y. enterocolitica &
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia has ____ and _______, like almost all Gram negative bacteria.
T3SS, siderophores
Are Yersinia lactose fermentors or lactose non-fermentors?
Lactose non-fermentors
Are Yersinia urease positive or negative?
Positive
Are Yersinia Coagulase positive or negative?
Positive, like Staph. Aureus
Do Yersinia produce H2S gas?
Yes and other gases in the TSI media.
What can be seen here?
Yersinia (no gas or no broken media
but the media color changed to yellow)
What can be seen here?
The TSI agar media shown by array changed from red to
yellow as well as the media is broken into two due to CO2 gas production e.g.
Klebsiella.
How do you handle Y. pestis?
Y. pestis is a bioterrorism agent. Need special permission from the US government.
Y. pestis spreads by ____ _____.
flea bites
How does Y. pestis spread?
Spreads by meat ingestion of infected rodents (e.g. rats by cats and dogs).
In addition to the ingestion of meat contaminated by rodents, how else can Y. pestis spread?
- Also transmitted by contact with infected
secretions or tissues. - Aerosol transmission to humans from
pneumonic plague infected humans or
cats.
Y. pestis causes ?
bubonic plague
Y. pestis killed up to ___ million people in Europe
between 1347-1352 (‘___ ____’)
200, black death.
Death by coughing up blood.
What can be seen here?
Y. pestis
Gangrene of the toes
turned the dead digits
black (black death)
Y. pestis is antigenically ________
homogenous
Y. enterocolitica has how many serotypes? What type of antigens do they possess?
70 “O” serotypes
(LPS antigens)
Y. pseuotuberculosis has how many serotypes? What type of antigens do they possess?
15 “O” serotypes, (LPS Antigens).
Y. enterocolitica proliferates
at ________ temperatures
(like Listeria) –> Thus, common cause of ________ in colder areas
of ____ and ______ ______.
refrigeration, enterocolitis, Europe, North America
What is the predilection habitat of Yersinia?
Gastro-intestinal tract of:
- animals
- arthropods mainly FLEAS in case of Y. pestis
Yersinia is primarily an _____ pathogens, with occasional transmission
to _____ through ____ or ____ contact. Thus, the habitat of human Yersinia pathogens are linked
to and overlaps with
Yersinia in animals.
animal, humans, direct, indirect
What can be seen here?
Xenopsylla cheopis,
oriental rat flea
Describe the wildlife cycle of Yersinia
Wild/Sylvatic
cycle: flea,
rodents, wildlife
Describe the domestic cycle of Yersinia
Domestic cycle:
flea, rodents,
domestic animals
The virulence factors of Yersinia are encoded at the high pathogenicity island on the genome or its 3 plasmids.
Yersinia - Capsule
1. prevents and promotes
______ resistance.
2. elicits a _______
inflammatory lesion
serum, hemorrhagic
Yersinia - Lipopolysaccharide
1. ________
2. _____
3. _____ _____ destruction
Endotoxemia, pyrogens, blood vessel
Yersinia- Low calcium response virulence (LcrV)
1. Where is LcrV found?
2. What is its function?
It is present on the surface of
Yersinia
inhibits excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis
inhibits cytokine production
Yersinia - Attachment structures
Attachment invasion (Ail) and Yersinia
adhesion (Yad) for attachment and
adherence to
a. microfold (M) cells of gut,
b. peyer’s patch,
c. lymph nodes
Yersinia - Invasin protein A
What is Invasin protein A’s function(s)?
- For host cell invasin
- Bacterial translocation between cells
Enter submucosa, attach themselves to DC cells, MQ, Peyers patch, LN. Live inside MQ and replicate within.
Yersinia cells traverse the ______ epithelium via _____ cells to the _______
intestinal, epithelial, submucosa
Submucosal ______ phagocytose the pathogen, Yersinia, and enter into the ____ system thereby reaching the ____.
macrophages, lymphatic, MLN
Alternatively, Yersinia bacteria can be engulfed by ____ cells
M
Once in the payer’s patch
Yersinia forms ______
and starts replication
microcolonies
Eventually, Yersinia bacterial cells are located in the ___ and can equally form ______ to allow _______.
MLN, microcolonies, replication
What are the functions of the Yersinia plasminogen activator (Pla), called ______?
protease
adhesion,
initiates disseminated intravascular
coagulation,
Thrombosis and infarction,
black gangrene,
cause endotoxemia,
spreader of bacteria in lymph nodes
(bubon) and lung
Wha is the function of Yersinia’s Global Stress Requirement (Gsr) called ______?
Protease
Useful for intra-cytoplamic survival
within macrophages
What are the functions of coagulase ?
adhesion, initiates
disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
What are the functions of Yersinia’s murine toxin (Ymt) called ___________ __?
phospholipase D
- protect Yersinia within fleas from any attack by forming a capsule-like
- disseminator of bacteria
What is the function of Urease?
survive in the acidic
stomach and colonize intestine
What are the toxins injected by Yersinia?
Yersinia outer protein (Yops)
Yersinia stable toxin (Yst)
What are the functions of Yersinia outer protein (Yops)?
actin cytoskeleton,
prevent phagocytosis
What are the functions of Yersinia stable toxin (Yst)?
enterotoxin to induce fluid and electrolyte accumulation in
the gut lumen (diarrhea & dehydration)
Iron robbing/acquisition systems from the host
1. Siderophore,
2. yersiniabactin,
3. hemin storage proteins