Acinobacteria I

Question 1

How do the bacterial colonies of acinobacteria look?

Answer 1

Bacteria colony shows filamentous
formation and granulomatous lesions in
infected animals (they were considered as
fungi)

Question 2

What species of acinobacteria is positive with a ziehl- Neelsen stain?

Answer 2

Nocardia

Question 3

What species of acinobacteria is negative with a ziehl- Neelsen stain?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the characteristics of acinobacteria within the strains actinomyces, arcanobacteriumm and actinobaculum?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the characteristics of acinobacteria within the strain nocardia?

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the characteristics of acinobacteria within the strain dermatophilus congolensis?

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Where are each of these Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium and Actinobaculum species found in the host?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is seen in this image of actinobacteria? What is this classic characteristic seen?

Answer 9

Filamentous bacterial colonies

Question 10

For trueperella pyogenes, what are the characteristic phenotypic features?

Answer 10

Question 11

For Actinobaculum suis what are the characteristic phenotypical features?

Answer 11

Question 12

For nocardia species what are the characteristic phenotypical features?

Answer 12

Question 13

For dermatophilus congolensis what are the characteristic phenotypical features?

Answer 13

Question 14

For acitnomyces species what are the characteristic phenotypical features?

Answer 14

Question 15

What are the disease conditions of animals with Truperella pyogenes? What are the usual hosts?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the disease conditions of animals with this bacteria? What are the usual hosts?

Answer 16

Question 17

What are the disease conditions of animals with this bacteria? What are the usual hosts?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the disease conditions of animals with this bacteria? What are the usual hosts?

Answer 18

Question 19

What are the disease conditions of animals with this bacteria? What are the usual hosts?

Answer 19

Question 20

What are the disease conditions of animals with this bacteria? What are the usual hosts?

Answer 20

Question 21

What are the phenotypic differentiations of these bacteria?

Answer 21

Question 22

Which actinomyces forms sulfur granules in pus? Which have white granule formation?

Answer 22

Question 23

Which actinomyces species produce catalase?

Answer 23

Question 24

Which of the actinobacteria requires aerobic conditions to flourish?

Answer 24

Trueperella Pyogenes

Question 25

What animals are affected by trueperella pyogenes? What kind of bacteria is it? What are other important characteristics? Where has it been found in healthy animals?

Answer 25

• Worldwide cattle, pigs and sheep
• Gram-positive, pleomorphic
• Non-spore-forming, non-motile, non-capsulated, facultative anaerobic rod,
  which is characterized by a fermentative metabolism and strong proteolytic
  activity.
• Opportunistic pathogen
• This bacterium has been isolated from the wall of bovine rumen and swine stomachs, as a gastrointestinal microbiota and from the udders of clinically
  healthy cows.

Question 26

What kind of lesions are produced by Trueperella pyogenes? What organs may be affected?

Answer 26

• Mainly causing suppurative lesions * Any organ may be affected
  lymphadenitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis,
  neural abscess, pyometra, mastitis…

Question 27

What is the pathogenesis of trueperella infection (endogenous)?

Answer 27

• When bacteria is damaging the epithelial cells the innate immune cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils they release cytokines and chemokines ( attract inflammatory cells )
• IFN-a , TNF-a, IL-1B ( proinflammatory cytokines)
• Causes chronic inflammation that leads to granuloma formation.

Question 28

What is the pathogenesis of trueperella infection (exogenous)?

Answer 28

Mechanical injuries of skin and mucous membranes. * Once the cells are attached they release toxin that damages epithelial cells. This allows them to enter the hosts body

Question 29

What is the activity of PLO, Proteases, and DNase in exogenous truperella infections? What about fimbre?

Answer 29

Fimbre -> promote adhesison

Question 30

What can be seen in these images? (numbered)

Answer 30

1.) Jaw abscess in cow (lumpy jaw)
2.) Abscess in Left hind leg, image next to it is abscess rupture/ discharge flowing out
3.) This is showing mastitis
4.) This is showing an abscess in a lambs neck ( usual location)
5.) This is showing pus formation/ granuloma formation, as well as some fibrin in the thoracic cavity
6.) Again Fibrin and pus in the thoracic cavity ( pneumonia in lamb)
7.) Granulomas present within lung tissue.

Question 31

How can you diagnose a truperella pyogenes infection?

Answer 31

• Clinical signs
• Samples from sick animals exudates, aspirates and tissue samples culture and histopathology
• Histopathology filamentous organisms surrounded by eosinophilic club-shaped structures
• Blood and MacConkey agar Gram + staining
• PCR

Question 32

What is seen in this image?

Answer 32

Phagocitic cell (macrophage with trueperella bacteria within the cytoplasm)$

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

What vaccines are available for Trueperella pyogenes? What is an autovaccine?

Answer 34

• Whole cells of Trueperella pyogenes or culture supernatant.
• Recombinant: Fimbria H, PLO, Leukotoxin.
• DNA vaccine
• Autovaccine -> take sample-> isolate bacteria -> make vaccine -> give it to animals from that same farm you took it from

Question 35

What is canine actinomycosis? What lesions are seen? What are clinical signs/ treatments?

Answer 35

Canine actinomycosis
* Actinomyces viscosus
* Subcutaneous pyogranulomatous lesions and extensive fibrovascular proliferation on the peritoneal or pleural surfaces with sanguine-purulent exudate in the affected cavity.
* Clinical sign Respiratory distress
* Treatment
Penicillin
* Normally in the abdominal or thoracic cavity*

Question 36

What is bovine actinomycosis? What is the cause? What can you see with infection? How can you diagnose it? What is the treatment?

Answer 36

Bovine actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
* Actinomyces bovis
* Infected trauma or lesion of the oral mucosa or dental alveoli
* Swelling of the bone, then fistulous tracts discharge purulent exudate
Diagnostic
* Clinical signs
* X-Rays

Treatment
Penicillin

Question 37

What are is a major difference between truperella and actinomycosis clinically?

Answer 37

Trueperella -> soft tissue
Actinomycosis -> bone

Question 38

What is seen in this image?

Answer 38

Question 39

What is seen in these images?

Answer 39

Question 40

What is the cause of porcine cystitis? Where can you isolate samples of the bacteria? What are clinical signs? What can infection cause?

Answer 40

Porcine cystitis
* Actinobaculum suis
* Isolated from prepuce and preputial diverticulum
* Anorexia, arching of the back (pain), dysuria and hematuria
* May affect kidneys, if severely affected death may result

Question 41

What are the characteristics of isolated actinobaculum suis? What can you see in a gram stained slide?

Answer 41

Question 42

What are the characteristics of Nocardia species? What is needed to enrich the agar for them to grow? What can you see on blood agar? Are they hemolytic? Do they have an odor? What else can they grow on?

Answer 42

• Gram +, aerobic, saprophytic actinobacteria, filamentous morphology
• Blood agar, culture medium with charcoal-yeast extract * colonies are white, powdery and firmly adherent to the agar
• Colonies are variably haemolytic and odourless
• Subculture on to Sabouraud dextrose agar yields dry, wrinkled, orange - coloured colonies after incubation for up to 5 days

Question 43

What are the clinical infections seen in patients with nocardia sp? What is an important predisposing factor?

Answer 43

• Nocardia species
• Cutaneous and systemic infections in dogs
• Mastitis in cattle sporadic
• Abortion in sows
• Immunosuppression is an important predisposing factor

Question 44

What kind of bacteria is seen here?

Answer 44

Question 45

How can dogs acquire canine nocardiosis? What forms are recognized? What Signs can be seen in each form? What is the treatment?

Answer 45

Canine nocardiosis
- Infections in dogs inhalation, through skin wounds or by ingestion.
- Thoracic, cutaneous and disseminated forms of the disease are recognized
signs: fever, anorexia and respiratory distress.
- Fibrovascular proliferative reaction on the pleura and sanguinopurulent fluid accumulates in the thoracic cavity. - The cutaneous form ulcer or as a granulomatous swelling with discharging fistulous tracts.

• The disseminated form in dogs less than 12 months of age, clinical signs are non - specific and are referable to the organ system mainly affected.
• Treatment
  Amikacin (painful injection), cotrimoxazole

Question 46

What is bovine farcy? What does it resemble? Where in the world is it found?

Answer 46

• Bovine nocardiosis, is limited to the tropics.
• It is a chronic infection of superficial lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
  Resembles TB

Question 47

How does bovine Farcy progress?

Answer 47

• Early lesions consist of small cutaneous nodules, often on the medial aspect of the legs and on the neck. These nodules enlarge slowly and coalesce to form swellings, up to 10 cm in diameter, which rarely ulcerate.
• The lymphatic vessels may become thickened and cord - like. Internal organs may be affected occasionally and the condition is important because lesions resemble those of tuberculosis.

Question 48

What is wrong with the cow in this image? What can be seen in the bottom image?

Answer 48

Bovine Farcy

Question 49

What is dermatophilus congolensis? What are the characteristics of the bacteria? Where can it be found in terms of its worldwide distribution? Where is it found in the host?

Answer 49

• Worldwide, most common in tropical and subtropical regions * Gram +, filamentous, produces motile coccal zoospores * Organisms persist in the skin
  dormant zoospores may become
  activated (moisture and temperature)

Question 50

What conditions are favorable for infection of dermatophilus congolensis? What increases host susceptibility? What does this bacteria cause?

Answer 50

• Trauma and wetting conditions are favorable for infection
• acute inflammatory response and micro-abscesses in the epidermis
• Current diseases and pregnancy increase host susceptibility

Question 51

What parasite can can transmit/ create openings for Dermtophilus congolensis?

Answer 51

Amblyomma variegatum (tick)

Question 52

What is the likely cause of the severe crusting in this image?

Answer 52

Question 53

When do patients present with dermatophilus congolensis infection? How are zoospores typically contracted? What environmental conditions have an association with this bacteria? What can occur with extensive lesions?

Answer 53

• Prevalent and often more severe in young animals.
• Zoospores are most often transmitted by direct contact with infected animals and blood - sucking insects
• Heavy prolonged rainfall in association with warm environmental temperatures can result in lesions predominantly affecting the dorsum of farm animals
• lesions may be extensive and deaths may occasionally occur, particularly in calves and lambs.

Question 54

What are diagnostics you can use for dermatophilus congolensis? What is the treatment? What are control methods?

Answer 54

• Samples scab material and samples of skin fixed in formalin.
• Smears from the undersurface of scabs or from softened scab material, stained by the Giemsa method, reveal the characteristic branching filaments containing
  zoospores
• Colonies are up to 1 mm in diameter, yellow and haemolytic. When incubated for 3 to 4 days, they become rough, golden - yellow and embedded in the agar
• PCR
• Treatment: Oxytetracycline
• Control: Depending on geographical location and climatic factors; they are based on minimizing the effects of predisposing factors and early treatment of clinical
  cases.