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Streptococcus Flashcards

1
Q

Is streptococcus gram positive or gram negative?
Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
Is it Motile or Non Motile?
Does it form spores?

Is it catalase positive or negative?

A
  • Gram positive cocci arranged in chains
    • Facultative anaerobe …O2 availability is not critical for survival
    • Non-motile and non-spore forming (like Staphylococcus)
  • Catalase negative.
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2
Q

What is streptococcus arranged as? W hat kind of Bacteria (Rods, Cocci, etc)

A

Gram positive cocci arranged in chains

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3
Q

What kind of bacteria is seen in this image? Why?

A

Streptococcus Genus

Gram positive cocci arranged in chains

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4
Q

What is streptococcus’ growth requirement? Can it live outside the host? Is it catalase positive or negative?

A

Fastidious growth requirement (unlike Staphylococcus) i.e. requires a nutritionally rich media for growth
• Thus, they cannot survive for long away from the animal host

• Cannot grow in media containing high salt (> 6.5%) (unlike the salt
resistant Staphylococcus)

• Catalase negative (unlike Staphylococcus that is catalase + and
arranged in grape-like appearance)

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5
Q

What are the 2 widely used culture media for growth of streptococcus?

A
  1. Blood agar
  2. Edward media for selective
    isolation and identification of
    Streptococci
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6
Q

What can you determine about streptococcus when using blood agar?

A

✓ Allows determination of
the type of hemolysin toxin produced by the isolates (beta, alpha, gamma)

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7
Q

In this image what kind of streptococcus is seen?

A.) Alpha

B.) Beta

C.) Gamma

A

B.) Beta

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8
Q

In this image what kind of streptococcus is seen?

A.) Alpha

B.) Beta

C.) Gamma

A

A.) Alpha

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9
Q

In this image what kind of streptococcus is seen?

A.) Alpha

B.) Beta

C.) Gamma

A

c.) gamma

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10
Q

On this image of Streptococcus on an Edward Media, what is occuring?

A

Growth of Streptococci on Edwards media showing esculin hydrolysis.

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11
Q

Which Streptococcus group is more pathogenic ?

A

✓ Beta-hemolytic group
➢ most pathogenic streptococci

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12
Q

Which streptococcus on this plate is the alpha hemolysis group? How can you tell?

A

✓Alpha-hemolysis group
➢partial and incomplete hemolysis with green color (viridiant)

This is the one in the center of this image.

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13
Q

Which streptococcus on this plate is the beta hemolytic group?

A

It would be the one on the left ( bright yellow) this shows complete hemolysis.

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14
Q

Which streptococcus on this plate is the gamma hemolytic group?

A

The one on the right is the gamma hemolysis. It shows no hemolysis.

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15
Q

Where does Alpha Hemolysis Streptococcus usually infect? Gamma?

A

Alpha: Respiratory tract

Gamma: Fecal ( enterococcus faecalis.

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16
Q

How can you serogroup streptococcus by using a common cell wall carbohydrate?

A
  1. )Add 1 drop of extraction reagent # 1 into test tube.
  2. ) Add 1 bacterial colonu
  3. ) Add one drop of extraction reagent # 2
  4. ) Mix
  5. ) Add 5 drops extraction reagent # 3
  6. ) Mix well. Cell wall carbohydrate is extracted and ready to mix with antibody.
  7. ) Mix 1 drop of the bacterial extract with one drop of the antibody kit (A, B, C, D, F or G) in the relevant circle on the card.
  8. ) Correct combination of antibody and antigen (carbohydrate) causes agglutination.
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17
Q

What streptococci serogroups are of human and veterinary clinical importance?

A

✓ Of the 19, sero-groups A, B, C, D, E, and G are clinically important in human and veterinary medicine

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18
Q

What are your methods of diagnosis of streptococcus isolates from suspected cases? What is the order in which you will do this?

A
  1. ) Gram Stain: Gram positive or negative
  2. ) Catalase test ( 1 drop H2O2 + bacterial innoculation) If the drop bubbles then the bacteria is catalase positive. Streptococcus is not.
  3. ) Blood Agar hemolysis to determine group.
  4. ) Lancefied serogrouping.
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19
Q

Group A streptococcus Serotypes have what kind of hemolysis? What is the bacteria species, what animals does it typically infect?

A

Group A

  • Beta hemolytic ( complete hemolysis)

Species: S. Pyogenes

Species: Children/ Humans

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20
Q

Group B streptococcus Serotypes have what kind of hemolysis? What is the bacteria species, what animals does it typically infect?

A

Group B

Hemolysis Type: Beta

Species: S. agalactiae

Animal: Humans and animals ( dogs cats, vaginal tract.)

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21
Q

Group C streptococcus Serotypes have what kind of hemolysis? What is the bacteria species, what animals does it typically infect?

Hemolysis Type:

Species:

Animal Affected:

A

Group C

Hemolysis Type: Beta

Species: S. Equi, S. equilismullis, S. zooepidemicus, S. dysgalactiae

Primary Animal Affected: Horses

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22
Q

Group D streptococcus Serotypes have what kind of hemolysis? What is the bacteria species, what animals does it typically infect?

A

Group D

Hemolysis Type: gamma hemolytic

Species: Enterococcus

Animal Affected: Bovine, Canine, ect

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23
Q

Group E streptococcus Serotypes have what kind of hemolysis? What is the bacteria species, what animals does it typically infect?

A

Group D

Hemolysis Type: Beta hemolytic

Species: S. porcinus

Animal Affected: Pigs

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24
Q

Group G streptococcus Serotypes have what kind of hemolysis? What is the bacteria species, what animals does it typically infect?

A

Group G

Hemolysis: Beta hemolysis

Species: S. canis

Animals Affected: Canines and Felines

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25
Q

What strain of Streptococcus is known to cause meningitis in children?

A

S. pneumoniae

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26
Q

What strain of Streptococcus affects pigs but can also affect humans and have very stong symptoms?

A

S. suis

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27
Q

Where can you normally find streptococcus bacteria?

A

Commensals of humans, animals, fish, and insects on/in:
✓ skin

✓ upper respiratory

✓ tonsil

✓ digestive tract

✓ lower urogenital tract (vagina)

✓ udder/teat duct….in milk & dairy products

✓ They are also present in some
✓ food and plant material
✓ soil
✓ fecal contaminated water

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28
Q

What is the routes of transmission of Streptococcus? How can it be spread between animals?

A

➢ Streptococcal disease occurs when the bacteria enter
✓ cuts
✓ abrasions
✓ other wounds or
✓ when the immune system becomes weakened
✓ primary diseases such as viruses, mycoplasmosis, etc.

  • The bacteria can be spread between animals by
  • direct contact
  • aerosol
  • fomites
  • sometimes ingestion (oral
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29
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors utilized by streptococcus?

A

(1) structural compounds
(2) enzymes
(3) toxins

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30
Q

What does the lipoteichoic acid on the surface of the bacteria do to the host animal?

A

Allows for adhesion acid and is cytotoxic for most host cells

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31
Q

How does the capsule help streptococcus attack the host?

A
  • Adhesion (slime
  • Hide/cover the surface of the bacterial cell by depositing host layer) sialic acid residues on their surfaces
  • Thus, capsule prevents bacterial recognition by phagocytes, prevents complement assisted opsonization (inhibit phagocytic killing)
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32
Q

How do M proteins help streptococcis invade the cell?

A

Adhesion and inhibition of phagocytic ingestion.
• Protein M binds the Fc region of IgG & prevents opsonization

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33
Q

How do G proteins help streptococcis invade the cell?

A
  • Compete with complement to bind with the constant Fc region of IgG of diverse animal species. Protein G
  • It binds and accumulates IgG on the bacterial surface through non- immune binding, leading to prevention for opsonization
34
Q

How does the enzyme nuclease in streptococcus ( A, B, C, and D) effect the host animal?

A

Facilitate liquefaction of pus (converts pus to resources/substrates to utilize it and grow)

• Have DNase activity (A & C) and RNase activity (B&D) to , destroy host cells and host defense.

35
Q

How does the enzyme streptokinase in streptococcus effect the host animal?

A

• Catalyze conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, leading to digestion of fibrin (lyse blood clots to escape and spread from the clots

36
Q

How does the enzyme hyaluronidase in streptococcus effect the host animal?

A

• Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid (spreading between cells)

37
Q

How does the enzyme C5a peptidase in streptococcus effect the host animal?

A

• Destroy C’ chemotactic signals (C5a); thus blocks chemotaxis peptidase or host defense cell recruitment to the infection site

38
Q

How does the toxin hemolysin from streptococcus effect the host animal? (α, β, and γ)

A

• destroys RBCs, neutro/mac/plat

39
Q

How does the exotoxins (streptolysin O and S) from streptococcus effect the host animal?

A
  1. Hemolytic on blood agar
  2. kills many cells including phagocytes
  3. Inhibit phagocyte attraction (inhibit chemotaxis)
40
Q

How do the pyrogenic exotoxins (A, B, and C) from streptococcus effect the host animal?

A
  1. fever
  2. rash that resembles strawberry e.g. on tongue
  3. cardiac and liver necrosis
  4. T cell division (mitogenic).
  5. release floods of cytokines i.e. Superantigen
    ✓ Normally antigens activate only 0.0001-0001% of the body’s T cells

✓ but superantigens activate too many T cells to produce cytokines storm, leading to shock & multiple organ failure
6. Increase permeability of endothelium (shock) & blood- brain barrier

41
Q

What specific virulence factor causes lesions like this? What is its layman name?

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins

  • Causes Strawberry tongue.
42
Q

What is the typical streptococcus strains in humans that cause dermatological and throat infections?

A

S. pyogenes

43
Q

What is the typical streptococcus strains in humans that are aggressive/ virulent and infects upper respiratory tract and systemic infections? What can it cause?

A

✓ Streptococcus pneumonaie
✓ causes pneumonia, septicemia & meningitis

44
Q

What is the typical streptococcus strains in humans that are found in the reproductive tract of women ? What can it cause?

A

✓ Streptococcus agalctiae
✓ causes vaginitis, postpartum endometritis, septicemiavpneumonia and neonatal septicemia, meningitis

45
Q

What are the emerging zoonotic streptococcus of humans that migrate from animals to humans?

A
  1. S. suis – from pig …cause in humans meningitis, septic, arthritis, subcutaneous hemorrhage, shock, pneumonia, permanent hearing loss & death
  2. S. gallolytics – from chicken ….cause in humans colorectal
    cancer and osteomyelitis
46
Q

What are the signs of streptococcus pyogenes in humans?

A

• Infect 700 million worldwide each year

  • Causes scarlet fever = pharyngitis, “strep throat” infection
  • painful swallowing
  • lymph node and tonsil infection
  • fever Strawberry/sandpaper texture

It causes a pathognomonic strawberry rash, which resembles sandpaper texture or tongue resembles goose bumps

It also causes cutaneous lesions
• necrotizing skin fasciitis, leading to “flesh eating” by its pyrogenic exotoxins

47
Q

What are the signs of streptococcus in horses? What bacteria causes each of the 3 infections?

A
  1. Throat infection (also called strangles in equine which equivalent of scarlet fever in humans) = pharyngitis
    ✓ Causes pus accumulation in throat regions, genital & suppurative conditions, mastitis & purpura
    haemorrhagica due to vascular damage
  • Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi
  • S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus also causes strangles
  1. Reproductive tract infection :
    ✓ causes vaginitis, abortion, postpartum endometritis
  • S. dysgalatiae subsp. Equisimilis
  • S equi subsp. Zooepidemicus
  • S. equi subsp. equi
    3. ) Generalized infection

✓ septicemia, pneumonia and neonatal (navel ill, septicemia, meningitis)
✓ S. dysgalatiae subsp. Equisimilis
✓ S equi subsp. Zooepidemicus

48
Q

What are the signs of equine strangles by S. equi?

A

A horse with strangles develops:

✓ abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head & neck,

✓ causing coughing

✓ difficulty swallowing

✓ fever up to 106°F

✓ yellow-colored nasal discharge from both the nose and eyes

✓ Thick pus filled guttural poach
- Swelling

  • Depression
  • Lethargy
49
Q

What is wrong with the horse in this image?

A

Equine strangles by Strept equi

50
Q

What is the lesion on the lip of this horse?

A

Bleeding (purpura hemerrhagica)

51
Q

What is seen in this smear of pus from a horse? What is circled?

A

This is S. equi subsp. equi in a smear of pus from a case of strangles. You can see the long chain of gram positive cocci.

52
Q

What are the diseases of streptococcus in pigs?

A

. Throat infection (also called “porcine strangles” = pharyngitis
➢ Similar to equine strangles or scarlet fever in humans
✓ pus accumulation in throat regions (jowl abscess = feeder boils),

✓ contagious cervical lymphadenitis diseases in pigs &

✓ purpura haemorrhagica due to vascular damage

✓ Streptococcus porcinus – it is rare now

  1. Generalized infection: The aggressive form affecting ear, eyes, lung, brain, joints/bones.
    This form causes deaf, blindness, septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, polyarthritis.

✓ S. suis – the most common problem in pig industry

✓ S equi subsp. Zooepidemicus (occasionally)

53
Q

How does streptococcis suis affect swine?

A

• Affects the swine industry by causing

  1. Pneumonia
  2. Septicemia,
  3. meningitis/ataxia/loss of balance/shaking,
  4. polyarthritis/lameness
  5. Abortion
  6. metritis
  7. blindness
  8. deaf
54
Q

How does streptococcis suis affect humans?

A

streptococcal toxic shock syndrome causing

  1. purpura hemorrhagica on the leg
  2. gangrene extending down to
55
Q

What is occuring in this image? What is the cause?

A

streptococcal toxic shock syndrome causing
1. purpura hemorrhagica on the leg
2. gangrene extending down to the foot
Caused by streptococcus suis

56
Q

What is occuring in this image? What is the cause?

A

Likely polyarthritis/ lameness

S. suis

57
Q

What are the diseases of streptococcus in dogs and cats? What kind affects each area typically?

A
  1. Throat infection form (“pet strangles”) - S. canis
  2. Generalized infection: The aggressive systemic form (septicemia, pneumonia,
    meningitis) - S. canis
  3. Eye/ear form - S. canis
  4. Reproduction form (vaginitis, abortion, endometritis, mastitis, prostitis) - S. agalactiae (but also S. canis)
58
Q

Which species of streptococcus in pets is the most aggeressive? Which is an emerging problems? Which are ocassionally problematic?

A
  1. The most aggressive (major problem) - by S. canis
  2. An emerging problem - S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus
  3. Occasional problems are by the following:
    • S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. suis, S. pyogenes
59
Q

What are the clinical signs/ diseases/ problems associated with S. canis in pets?

A

S. canis affects pets by causing

  1. Blindness (conjunctivitis)
  2. Otitis (deaf)
  3. Septicemia,
  4. contagious lymphadenitis (mimic human scarlet fever) severe
  5. pneumonia and fibrinous pleurisy acute
  6. Vaginitis, abortion, metritis by S. canis & S. agalactiae
  7. Urinary tract infection (cystitis) - S. agalactiae
60
Q

What species of streptococcus is causing the issues in this image?

A

S. Canis

61
Q

What streptococcal species is likely to be the cause of a urinary tract infetion?

A

S. agalactiae

62
Q

What streptococcal species is likely to be the cause of a what is occuring in the image ? What is occuring?

A

severe acute & diffuse broncho- pneumonia
Can be by S. canis & S equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection

63
Q

What is the # 1 cause of mastitis in dairy cattle? What are the next common ( in order of frequency ) of streptococcus that can cause mastitis.

A
  1. cause is staph aureus.

After that there is:

  1. ) S. uberus
  2. ) s. dysgalactiae
  3. )S.agalactaie
  4. ) sometimes S. equi, subsp. zooepidemicus
64
Q

What kind of mastitis is produced by these three bacteria?

S. uberis

S. dysgalatiae

S. agalatiae

S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus

A
  1. S. uberis: Mastitis
  2. S. dysgalatiae: Acute contagious/environmental mastitis, Polyarthritis
  3. S. agalatiae: Chronic contagious mastitis
  4. Occasionally: S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus - Metritis (abortion) & mastitis
65
Q

Of all pathogens causing bovine mastitis ______ are by streptococcus spp in the world.

A

23-50%

66
Q

What streptococcus spp are included in the greening ( viridians) or alpha hemolytic group?

A

This group includes: S. miti, S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. miller group

67
Q

What is the habitat for streptococcus spp that are in the greening ( viridians) or alpha hemolytic group?

A

Habitat: normal flora of oral cavity, intestine, urethra

68
Q

What are the endogenous infectionsfor streptococcus spp that are in the greening ( viridians) or alpha hemolytic group?

A

Endogenous infection: dental caries, endocarditis, mixed infection within oral cavity (e.g. purulent abscesses)

69
Q

What bacteria likely is causing this issue?

A

Greening (viridians) or alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus group
• This group includes: S. miti, S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. miller group

70
Q

What is the 1st degree infection sites of streptococcus?

A

▪ Contagious pyoderma (dermatitis)

▪ Pharyngitis

▪ tonsillitis (“Strep throat”)

▪ dental caries

▪ Conjunctivitis

▪ Otitis media

▪ Necrotizing fasciitis “flesh eating bug“

▪ Equine strangles ▪ Contagious lymphadenitis of swine, pets, equine

▪ Mastitis

71
Q

What are the potential systemic infections of streptococcus?

A

✓ Metritis
✓ Abortion

✓ Septicemia

✓ Pneumonia

✓ Endocarditis

✓ Meningitis

✓ Glomerulenephritis

✓ Arthritis & osteomyelitis (lameness)

Bacteremia/septicemia/shock/organ failure

72
Q

What items can you culture for isolation and identification of Streptococcus?

A

Using Edward media for selective isolation and identification of Streptococci you can test samples of pus, milk, nasal secretions, milk, blood, urogenital secretions, and joint fluid. The sample you select will be dependent of the signs of infection you are seeing.

You can also use a protein M based ELISA

73
Q

Which bacteria has more antimicrobial reistance staphylococcus or streptococcus?

A

Staphylococcus

74
Q

What are the control strategies that will help limit streptococcus infections? Is it difficult to prevent infection?

A

• Control strategies are as similar as in Staphylococcus —hygiene and wellbeing
• Since Streptococcus organisms are normally found on animals, it is difficult to prevent infections.
✓ Reducing stress (overcrowding, poor ventilation, high humidity)

✓ Practicing good hygiene, strict sanitation of facilities and instruments

✓ Cleaning wounds

✓ Segregation of infected animals and treat them early

✓ Control of primary diseases such as viruses, mycoplasmosis, etc. that interact with Streptococcus
is important.

75
Q

True or False: There is a vaccine available for S. pneumoniae for human use?

A

TRUE

76
Q

Is S. uberis a species specific bacteria? What is it known to cause?

A

➢ S. uberis – exclusively bovine mastitis

77
Q

Which species of streptococcus are zoonotic?

A

➢ S. equi – horse adapted but S. zooepidemicus – adapted to wide host range
➢ S. suis – a true zoonotic pathogen
➢ S. agalactiae – pet and humans (a debate if host adapted or zoonotic)

78
Q

How do you diagnoses streptococcus spp?

A

➢To diagnose, use Gram stain, catalase, hemolysis, and Lancefield sero-grouping

79
Q

How does streptococcus attack te host?

A

➢Streptococcus uses its surface structures, enzymes and toxins to attack the host

80
Q

How does streptococcus try to “choke” (invade) humans and animals?

A

➢Streptococcus tries to choke humans & animals at three levels:
1. Throat level:

  1. Urogenital level
  2. Systemic/general body systems

The goal is to get in and end up in vital organs.

Bacteriology/ Mycology (19 decks)

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