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Bacteriology/ Mycology > Escherichia > Flashcards

Escherichia Flashcards

1
Q

E. coli are Gram- _______ ____.

A

negative, rods

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2
Q

Are E.coli facultative or non-facultative anaerobes?

A

Facultative anerobes

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3
Q

E. coli are described as _______ flagella.

A

Peritrichous

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4
Q

E. coli ferments ______ and ______.

A

glucose, lactose

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5
Q

Is E. coli oxidase positive or negative?

A

Negative

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6
Q

Is E. coli catalase positive or negative?

A

positive

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7
Q

Where do E. coli normally live?

A

Normally live in the intestinal tract of all mammals (harmless)
 Some cause serious infections when they escape the gut and invade other body sites or possess?

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8
Q

E. coli exhibit AMR towards which categories of medications?

A

 β-lactams
 Fluoroquinolones

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9
Q

What are the surface antigens of E.coli?

A
  1. LPS
  2. Somatic Antigen = O antigen
  3. Lipid A
  4. Fimbrial antigen (F)
  5. Capsular antigens (K)
  6. Flagellar Antigens (H)
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10
Q

Serotypes
E.coli O ____: H ____
E. coli O ____: K _____: H ____

A

157, 7
18,1,7

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11
Q

______ __ is the active component of _______ embedded in membrane. _____ antigen is a repeating PS extends from surface. O antigen is highly ______ region of bacteria.
Capsular = composed of _____ ______ - protein in nature
Fimbrae are _____ protein with _____ variation between strains.

A

Lipid A, endotoxin, LPS, variable, polysaccharides, Flagellar, surface, antigenic

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12
Q

What are the specific strains of E.coli that cause large bowel diarrhea?

A

Large bowel:
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)*

  • = human pathogen
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13
Q

What are the specific strains of E.coli that cause small bowel diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

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14
Q

What are the fimbrial adhesions of Enteroteoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)? Where are they attached to?

A

 F4, F5, F6, F41
 Attachment to the small
intestine
Causes diarrhea (when you travel to another country).

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15
Q

What are the two enterotoxins that Enterotoxigenic E. coli possess?

A

 Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) –> cAMP
 Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) –> cGMP
Regulate absoprtion and secretion in villus epithelial cells. Pump out etaer nad bicarb while inhibitng fluid absorption from intestine. –> Lt and ST produced. Imbalance in ion and cell excretes water –> water diarrhea

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16
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli causes ?

A

Watery diarrhea

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Which animals serve as hosts of Enteric colibacillosis - Neonatal diarrhea? At what age are these hosts affected?

A

Newborn calves, lambs, and piglets.
Within their first week of life (host-specific). why? Neonates have fimibrial recpetors in intestinal lining. As age increases, recptors shed and become less susceptible to ETEC.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Enteric colibacillosis - Neonatal diarrhea?

A

Diarrhea
Severe dehydration
Death

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20
Q

How do you treat a patient diagnosed with Enteric Colibacillosis - Neonatal diarrhea?

A

Milk with fluids containing electrolytes can prevent dehydration.

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21
Q

How do you control the spread of Enteric Colibacillosis- Neonatal diarrhea?

A

Antibiotics are not typically prescribed. Feeding ample amounts of colostrum shortly after birth.

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22
Q

What pathogen causes Enteric Colibacillosis - Neonatal diarrhea?

A

ETEC

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23
Q

Which animals serve as hosts of Enteric colibacillosis - Post-weaning diarrhea? At what age are these hosts affected?

A

Pigs within 1 to 2 weeks after weaning

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24
Q

What pathogen causes Enteric Colibacillosis - Post-weaning diarrhea?

A

ETEC (or EPEC)

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of Enteric colibacillosis - Post-weaning diarrhea?

A

Watery diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Purplish discoloration of the skin

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26
Q

How do you control and treat the spread of Enteric Colibacillosis- Post-weaning diarrhea?

A

Vaccination
Breeding for disease resistance
Antibiotics (preferred to use for treatment; do AMR test prior to choose best antibiotic).

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27
Q
A

Do not have fimbrial adhesions and do not produce enterotoxins. stll prduce water diarhea. have ? adhesion to bind to epithelial cells. inject efffetor proteins into host cell through type 3 which
rearranges cytoskeleton and modulates immune repsonse. as a result, destroy normal microvili arhcitecture ad form pedestal formation.
EPEc is also responsile for post weaning diarrhea.

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28
Q

What is an example of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

A

E. coli O157:H7

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29
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
Intimin, T3SS, attaching and effacing lesions (similar to EPEC)

A

EHEC uses intimin adhesion, hae type 3 secretion, and have attaching..

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30
Q

EHEC colonizes in which organ in the body?

A

Large bowel (colon)
EPEC mainly in small intestine

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31
Q

What is the shiga toxin?

A

hemorrhagic diarrhea and kidney failure; key virulence factor of EHEC.

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32
Q

EHEC is a ____ toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) = ?

A

Shiga, Verocytotoxin-
producing E. coli (VTEC)

STEC and VTEC are same bacteria.

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33
Q

E.coli O157:H7

A

Most notorious pathogen resposible for many outbreaks in US. And EHEC strain.
Outreaks first reported in 1982 - hamburgers eaten at fast food restaurant.

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

Cattle is the primary reservoir of EHEC E. coli
O157:H7, yet they are healthy, but why?

A

Shiga toxins bind to globotriaosylceramides (Gb3) found in kidneys and intestines of humans, but it is absent in cattle. Toxin –> cell death

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36
Q

EHEC causes _____ disease of pigs

A

edema

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37
Q

EHEC affects pigs within what age range?

A

1-2 weeks after weaning

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38
Q

List the shiga toxin STX2E-producing E.coli

A

O138, O139, O141, and O147
Blood stream –> damaged endothelial cells –> perivascular edema

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39
Q

The shiga toxin binds to what receptor in pigs??

A

Gb4

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40
Q

What are the clinical signs of EHEC?

A

 Swelling (edema) of the eyelids
 Muscular tremors
 Unusual squeal or snoring sound
 Neurological dysfunction
 Flaccid paralysis and death

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41
Q

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) is an ______ pathogen that resides in the _____.

A

Intracellular, colon

Differnet from other pathotypes in that they have no flagella or adherence vectors but can incafe coloonic epithelail cells. Lyses vacuole and replocates.

Shigella gains accees to lamina propria through M cells. enter and replicate in MQ. released from dead MQ. then invade adjcant coloncyte. in cytoplasm seceret proteins which hyjack host achinery -> promtie cell to cell dissemination.

42
Q

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
ipaH (invasive gene), T3SS

43
Q

EIEC causes ?

A

Inflammation, necrosis, and ulceration of the bowel. May progress to

Watery to bloody diarrhea (dysentery) with fever

44
Q

EIEC
Human enteric pathogens

45
Q

Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli
(ExPEC)

  • Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC)
  • Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)
  • Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
  • Mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC)
A

Escapes gut and causes infection. These are referred to as ExPEC. Have several pathotypes

Cl;assified according to infetion site.

46
Q

What host species are effected by Colisepticemia: Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC)?

A

Invade the bloodstream; Impact newborn calves, lambs, poultry, or immune-compromised
animals.

47
Q

Colisepticemia: Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) results in ?

A

Invasion of the bloodstream (causing Systemic infection)

48
Q

What are the virulence factors Colisepticemia: Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) posesses?

A

 Fimbrial adhesins
 Serum resistance
 Aerobactin iron uptake system
 LPS
 Cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF)

49
Q

What are the clinical signs of Colisepticemia: Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) in calves?

A

Calves: pyrexia, depression,
weakness, hypothermia, prostration,
meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of Colisepticemia: Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) in lambs?

A

Lambs: watery mouth disease, death

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of Colisepticemia: Septicemic E. coli (SEPEC) in horses, dogs, and cats?

A

Horses, dogs, and cats: pneumonia

52
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

A 1-week-old calf affected with
E. coli septicemia. The calf has
fever, diarrhea, dehydration,
and a septic carpal joint.

53
Q

E. coli is one of the most common causes of ?

A

meningitis,
pneumonia, and arthritis

54
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Lamb with E. coli

55
Q

Colisepticemia: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is a ?

A

systemic disease of birds and poultry

56
Q

Colisepticemia: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) Harbors which serotypes?

A

Serotoype O1, O2, 018, 035, 036, 078, and 0111

57
Q

What are the virulence factors of Colisepticemia: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)?

A

 Type 1 (F1) and P fimbriae
 LPS
 Serum resistance which prevents phagocytic activity and prevents complement system
 Aerobactin which sequster iron from host cell.

Many body organs : pneumonia, sacculitis, ovarian infections, peritoniits, more.

58
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Colisepticemia: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)

Salpingitis

59
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Colisepticemia: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)

Pneumonia and airsacculitis

60
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Colisepticemia: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)

Egg yolk peritonitis

61
Q

What is this image describing?

A

Septicemia

62
Q

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) causes?

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)
 Cystitis
 Pyelonephritis

63
Q

What are the virulence factors of Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)?

A

 Virulence factors:
 Type 1 Pili mediates interanlization of batceria into host cell to fomr IVC –> viofilm like strucure.
 Hemolysin A –< inflammation, apoptosis, exofolitation of uroepithelium can eloniate infected cells which is good but can also promote UPEC dissemination. B/c of exofilaition, undelying tanistion cells are exposd for furtherUPE invasion. bacteria live in intracellular reservoir in dormant sta.e UPEC cna evade immune respons e–> reccurnet infection.
 LPS –> induce inflamator response. unrescoelved inflammation can reslt in tissue damage.
 CNF1
 Aerobactin and Capsule –.> survie in blood so ca ascend to kidney and cause pylenopneprhitis.

64
Q

Describe the diagram on the right

65
Q

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) in dogs results in what conditions?

A

 Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)
 Pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidney)
 Pyometra (inflammation of the uterus)
 Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate)

Female more susceptible to UPEC. Urethra shorter in female than male dogs.

66
Q

Describe the zoonotic potential of Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)

A

UPEC are shared between humans and pets. dont kiss pets when they have a UTI

67
Q

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)

68
Q

Mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) is an infection of the ______ glands of cows and sows –> ?

A

mammary, Mastitis

69
Q

What are the sources of infection of Mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC)?

A

 Sources of infections
 Fecal contamination of the skin of the mammary gland
 Relaxation of the teat sphincter following milking

70
Q

Which pathogens can cause mastitis in cattle?

A

 E. coli
 Streptococcus uberis
 Staphylococcus aureus

Kalepsiella, mycoplasma may trigger mastitis too.

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of mastitis in cattle?

A

 Swelling of the udder, pain, redness
 Fever
Dripping ears, sunken eyes
 Reduced milk production and quality

72
Q

How would you treat a patient diagnosed with mastitis?

A

Broad spectrum intramammary antibiotic tubes –> checked based on culture and AMR test.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

73
Q

What samples would you collect from a patient that you believe to be suffering from mastitis?

A

 Cervical swabs, vaginal discharge (Pyometra)
 Milk (Mastitis)
 Urine (Cystitis)
 Blood (Septicemia)
 Feces (Enteritis with diarrhea)

74
Q

What culture methods could you use to diagnose mastitis in cattle?

75
Q

What diagnostic tests would you use in a patient believed to be suffering from mastitis?

A
  1. IMVic test
  2. Serotyping
  3. Molecular methods
76
Q

What does the IMVic test stand for?

A

 Indole test
 Methyl Red test
 Voges-Proskauer test
 Citrate test

77
Q

Label the image accordingly

78
Q

What specific serotyping tests would you use for a potential mastitis patient?

A

 Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
 Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

79
Q

What molecular methods would you use for a potential mastitis patient?

80
Q

What diagnostic methods would you use to identify ETEC strains?

A

 Enterotoxin: ELISA
 Virulence genes (LT, ST, EAST, F4): PCR
 Fimbrial antigens: Latex agglutination test

81
Q

What diagnostic methods would you use to identify EPEC strains?

A

 Urease test (positive)
 Virulence gene (eae??): PCR
 Histopathological examination: Effacement of the mucosal surface

82
Q

What test is this? Explain.

A

Latex agglutination test

83
Q

What diagnostic methods would you use to identify STEC strains?

A

 Clinical and postmortem findings
 Hemolytic on blood agar
 Serotype: O139, O141
 Virulence genes (? adhesin = eae, shiga toxin = stx2e, etc.

84
Q

What diagnostic methods would you use to identify SEPEC strains?

A

 Isolation of E. coli from blood
 Colicin V plasmids (serum resistance)

85
Q

What diagnostic methods would you use to identify UPEC strains?

A

 Isolation of E. coli from urine
 Type 1 pili (fimH gene in type 1)

87
Q

How would you treat a patient suffering from mastitis?

A
  1. Rehydration - (electrolytes)
  2. Antibiotic therapy
    Gentamicin, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
    Ampicillin, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones
88
Q

How would you control the spread of mastitis?

A

 Feeding colostrum after birth
 Reduced stress during weaning; diets changed carefully, monitor accordingly.
 Hygiene
 Vaccines
 Enteric disease in piglets and calves
 Mastitis in dairy cows

91
Q
A

Clinical infections in neonates made me limited to neonatal diarrhea and colisepticama

92
Q
A

Bloody urine in wee wee pad. What is likely to cause bloody urine?

UTI, poisoning, kidney disease, trauma, cancer, stones in urine tract.

Did cysto and found bacteria in urine.
Performed gram stainin, bochem tst, culture, PCR –> E.coli found.

93
Q
A

D.
E.coli are gram negative, rod shaped bacteria

94
Q
A

Performed indole test

95
Q
A

Performed oxidase test
B. Oxidase negative

98
Q
A

PCR result
Positives ar chaacteristic for UPEC

99
Q

How would you treat UTI caused by e.coli

A

Antibiotic
do AMR susceptibiltiy test

Bacteriology/ Mycology (19 decks)

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