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Chemistry Mine > (YELLOW) alkanes > Flashcards

(YELLOW) alkanes Flashcards

(YELLOW) alkanes

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1
Q

what is the definition of hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbons compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only.

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2
Q

what is the name give to carbon that can form chains and rings called

A

catenation

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3
Q

what is the electronic configouration of carbon

A

1s2 2s2 2p2

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4
Q

why does silicon not replace carbon in organic matter

A

silicon is just too big

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5
Q

what is homologous series

A

Homologous series A family of compounds with the same functional group, which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member.

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6
Q

give examples of homologous series

A

alkene , alkane , carboxilic acid . alcohols , alkalines , esters , amino acids

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7
Q

what is a functional group

A

Functional Group
the atom or group of atoms responsible for the chemical behaviour of the molecule

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8
Q

what is the definition of empirical formula :

A

Empirical formula shows
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in the molecule.
e.g. C5H12

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9
Q

what is the definition of Molecular formula

A

Number of each kind of atom present in the molecule
e.g. C5H12

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10
Q

what is the definition of Structural formula

A

Structural formula shows
the functional groups present and how the atoms are linked
e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

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11
Q

what is the definition of Displayed formula

A

Displayed formula shows
all the covalent bonds single bonds as a line, double bonds as C=C and triple bonds as C≡C. All H atoms must be shown.

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12
Q

what is the definition of Skeletal formula

A

Skeletal formula
Omit C atoms and H atoms, - is a single bond, = a double bond and ≡ is a triple bond
if there is another atom present then it is shown.

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13
Q

what are the names given to chain lengthens from 1 to 10

A

1 methane
2 ethane
3 propane
4 butane
5 pentane
6 hexane
7 heptane
8 octane
9 nonane
10 decane

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14
Q

what are the four rules of naming compounds

A

If there are several branches of different lengths they are put in alphabetical order. i.e. ‘ethyl’ before ‘methyl’ before ‘propyl’.

If there are several branches of the same length the number of branches is shown by a prefix and the position of every branch is indicated by a number before the name:

hyphens go between numbers and letters

commas go between numbers

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15
Q

what is a structural isomerism

A

STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM occurs when two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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16
Q

waht is the general trend in boiling points when you increase chain length of an alkene

A

increase

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17
Q

are alkanes soluable in water

and what would you expect to see

A

no

2 layers

18
Q

watch vids on fractional distilation and cracking there is nothing really much on it just have to know about it and what it does

A
19
Q

what is cracking in alkanes

A

Cracking is the breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst.

20
Q

what is reforming

A

Reforming is the conversion of straight chained hydrocarbons into branched and cyclic hydrocarbons by heating with a platinum catalyst.

normally produces hydrogen as a sub-product

21
Q

Why is crude oil so important?

A

Used as fuel and lubricants, valuable source of chemicals
These are used for the manufacture of paints, polymers, pharmaceuticals etc.

22
Q

Why should we try to conserve our reserves of crude oil?

A

They are a finite resource and a valuable source of chemicals

23
Q

Why is cracking important?

A

Cracking increases our supplies of the gasoline (petrol) fraction and produces short chain alkenes that are used to manufacture polymers (plastics)

24
Q

What conditions are used for cracking?

A

High temps >400oC, needed for zeolite catalyst, moderate pressure to move gases through the system

25
Q

Why are governments around the world becoming increasingly concerned about our use of fossil fuels?

A

Combustion of fossil fuels —> greenhouse gases —> global warming, acid rain, smog.
They are a finite resource

26
Q

Suggest three ways in which our use of fossil fuels might be reduced

A

Alternative energy sources – wind, solar, tidal, hydroelectric, biofuels, nuclear
Reduce energy consumption
Recycling

27
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

CO2 and CH4 gases in the atmosphere act as a blanket preventing solar energy being re-radiated back out to space

28
Q

How do CO2 levels relate to climate change

A

CO2 increases global warming —-> melting glaciers,sea ice —> sea level rises
More energy in atmosphere —> more violent storms; seas warming —-> sea level rises

29
Q

Biofuels are sometimes described as ‘carbon neutral’. Why is this?

A

Plants photosynthesise using CO2 —> biofuels
Burning these biofuels only releases the original CO2 back into the atmosphere

30
Q

Explain what is meant by ‘sustainable development’, using examples from the manufacture of fuels.

A

Does not use up non-renewable or finite resources
Does not produce large amounts of waste which could have an environmental effect, e.g CO2 —-> climate change, waste bottles, polymers, packaging —-> landfill.

31
Q

info card

A

Sulfur occurs naturally in crude oil, and although most of it is removed in the formation of petrol it is impossible to remove all the sulfur. During combustion these atoms of sulfur are converted into sulfur dioxide.

32
Q

Give the reaction of sulfur reacting to form sulphur dioxide

A

S + O2 —> SO2

33
Q

The sulfur dioxide can then react to form sulfur trioxide

A

2SO2 + O2 —-> 2SO3

34
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of Nitrogen dioxide and water

A

2NO2 + H2O —-> HNO2 + HNO3

35
Q

Which pollutant is not removed via the catalytic converter?

A

Sulfur

36
Q

Note that no fuel is currently 100% carbon neutral why?

A

Energy in the form of (usually) fossil fuels are still used in the manufacturing and transportation of the biofuel

37
Q

what is the general eqation for an alkane reacting with chlorine in ultraviolet radiation

use methane as the alkane

what type of reaction is this

A

CH4 + Cl2 —> CH3Cl + HCl

has to be in concentrated chlorine

free radical substatution

38
Q

what are the three steps of free radical substitution

A

ultravoilet

UV light breaks the chlorine molecule which produces two chlorines with one unpaired lone pair

39
Q

what is the definition of HOMOLYTIC FISSION

A

HOMOLYTIC FISSION (homo- of like kind, lysis-to break open) is the term used to describe the breaking of a covalent bond so that the bonding electrons are shared equally between the atoms involved. It is represented using half-headed curly arrows.

40
Q

what are free radicals

A

FREE RADICALS are molecular fragments or atoms with one unpaired electron.
They are highly reactive.

41
Q

what is a substitution reaction

A

SUBSTITUTION REACTION where one atom or group of atoms replaces another atom or group of atoms

42
Q

draw out the propagation step for chlorine free radical with methane

and also the step in which the free radical is regenarated

A

https://crunchchemistry.co.uk/free-radical-substitution-reactions/

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