Yeast

Question 1

Candida albicans

habitat

Answer 1

Oral cavity
Intestinal tract
Vaginal tract

Question 2

Candida albicans

Infection

Answer 2

It is quite common in the environment and may be present in small numbers in a normal bird’s digestive tract.
Mode of infection—endogenous
Very young birds, especially those on antibiotic
Adult birds on long term antibiotics or suffering from malnutrition or other illnesses may develop secondary candidiasis

Question 3

Candida albicans

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

Ulcerative inflammation with fibrinous exudation

Thrush—mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, and rumen

Question 4

Avain Candidiasis

Answer 4

Common signs of Candida infection are white lesions in and around the mouth and throat, vomiting and appetite loss, and a crop that empties more slowly than normal.
Feather problems around the crop
Beak abnormalities
Thrush—mouth, esophagus, crop, and proven-triculus
Mucosae
Covered by diphtheritic membrane

Question 5

Candidiasis in Dogs and Cats

Answer 5

Mycotic stomatitis
Cutaneous candidiasis
Enteritis
Pyothorax and urocystitis

Question 6

Equine Candidiasis

Answer 6

Stomach Ulcers

Oral Cytology: Yeast Cells and Pseudohyphae

Question 7

Swine Candidiasis

Answer 7

Esophageal Candidiasis

Esophageal Scraping

Question 8

Human Candidiasis

Answer 8

Oral Candiasis

Question 9

Cryptococcus neoformans

Answer 9

Encapsulated yeast cell
Chronic systemic mycosis
Respiratory tract
CNS
Ocular

Question 10

C. neoformans var. grubii [Serotype A]

Answer 10

Soil contaminated with pigeon droppings

Worldwide

Question 11

C. neoformans var. gatti [Serotypes B and C]

Answer 11

Eucalyptus trees

Limited distribution

Question 12

C. neoformans var. neoformans [Serotype D]

Answer 12

Soil contaminated with pigeon droppings

Worldwide

Question 13

Cryptococcus neoformans

Pathogenesis

Answer 13

Inhalation is followed by infection of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and lungs
Hematogenous dissemination
CNS
Optic nerve

Question 14

Cryptococcosis in Dogs and Cats

Answer 14

Subcutaneous and nasal granulomas, central nervous system lesions and blindness

Question 15

Cryptococcosis in Horses

Answer 15

Nasal passage granulomas with nasal discharge, less commonly, lesions in the lungs and skins

Question 16

Cryptococcosis in Cattle

Answer 16

Mastitis with severe swelling and firmness of the mammary glands. Mix yield is reduced and the milk is mucoid in texture. Very rarely metastasis to the lungs occurs

Question 17

Cryptococcosis in Humans

Answer 17

Infections usually involve the lungs and central nervous system

Question 18

Cryptococcosis

Laboratory Diagnosis

Answer 18

Specimens
Blood, CSF, tissues, etc
Culture
SDA or blood agar
Serology
Detection of capsular antigen in serum and CSF
ELISA and latex agglutination test

Question 19

Malassezia pachydermatis

Answer 19

Lipophilic yeast
Habitat
Dogs:  Anal region, external ear canal, etc
Morphology
Bottle-shaped yeast cells
Pathogenesis
Otitis externa
Seborrhoiec dermatitis

Question 20

Malassezia pachydermatis

Characterisitcs

Answer 20

Condition in which flkaes of dead skin are shed from the epidermis and hair follicles. These flakes may be dry and dandrufflike, or oily and greasy