Mycobacterium Flashcards by Tiffany Irizarry

Mycobacterium Species

Acid fast rods - stain red (ZN positive)
Obligate aerobes
Grow slowly in culture
Cell wals have a high lipid contecnt 
Faculative intracellular organism 
Production of yellow carotenoid pigments

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Ziehl-Neelson Acid-fast stain

Flood Smear with carbolfuschsin (red), apply heat, and steam for 5 minutes
Wash and decolorize with acid-alcohol (3% HCL and 95% ethanol)
Wash and add Loeffler’s methylene blue
Wash, blot dry and examine smear
Acid fast organims: Red
Non acid fast organims: Blue

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Cell Wall Lipids - Mycobacteria Species

Complex lipids
Acid fast
Resistance to various threats, eg, UV light, detergents, antibacterial therapy etc
Resist killing within phagocytes
Cord factor “serpentine cord” arrangement

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Cell Wall Proteins - Mycobacteria Species

Induce cell mediated immune response

Antigens for intrademal skin tests

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Cord Factor

“Serpentine cord” arrangement of virulent Mycobacteria sp.

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Mycobacteria Species growth in Macrophages

Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion
Dissemination of organisms to lymph nodes and visceral organs
Chronic infection
Immunity is cell mediated

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Mycobacterium Bovis

Causes: Bovine Tuberculosis

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Bovine Tuberculosis

Reservoir: Bovine, Deer, Badger, Buffalo
Transmission: Inhalation of infectious aerosols , Ingestion of contaminated water or feed

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Pathogenesis of Bovine Tuberculosis

Initial replication in Marcophages at the portal of entry
Transport in Marcophages to regional lymph nodes
Bacteremia
Granulomatous

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Tubercle (Granuloma)

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction 
Organisms are walled off in tubercles 
Tubercle 
      - Central caseous necrosis (calcium deposits)
      - MO's and giant cells 
      - Lymphocytes 
      - Fibrous Capsule

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Clinical Presentation of Bovine Tuberculosis

Few Symptoms and disease not diagnosed

Advance cases: chronic coughing, enlarged lymph nodes, potential systemic spread to other organisms

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Ovine and Swine Tuberculosis

Bacteriology: Mycobacterium bovis

Rare in sheep, goat, and dogs. Infected by ingestion of contaminated milk/cattle feed and GT tract and lymph nodes

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The Tuberculin Test

Type IV hypersenitivity Test
Tuberculin Antigen - purified protein derivative {PPD}
Single intradermal test

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Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

soil Saprophytes
Some are antgenically related to M. avium
Sensitize cattle to the TB test - false positive reactions
Some cause disease in domestic animals

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Causes: Johne’s Disease in Cattle

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Johne’s Disease in Cattle

Chronic, granulomatous enteritis in domestic cattle an wild ruminants
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated feed and water

Pathogenesis of Johne’s Disease

Replication in intestinal MOs
Immune mediated granulomatous reaction
Edematous, hemorrhagic, corrugated intestines
Lymphadenitis
The loss of plasma proteins and malabsorption of nutrients and water

Symptoms of Johne’s Disease in Cattle

Peak incidence of disease: 2 to 6 years
Profuse watery diarrhea
Corrugated intestines

Characteristics of Mycoplasama

Smallest of all bacteria
Pleomorphic - coccoid forms, ring forms
Lack Cell wall therefore resistant to drugs that interfere with cell wall
Cell membrane contains sterols
Microcolonies appeared to be unique fried-egg appearance
Found in the mucosal surfaces of the conjunctiva, nasal cavity, oropharynx, intestinal and genital tracts of humans and animals

Parthenogenesis of Mycoplasama

Adhesins facilitate binding to host cells
Respiratory Tract Infection
Arthitis
Molecular Mimcry

Serologic Diagnosis of Mycoplasma

Growth Inhibition Test
Fluorescent anitbody test
Serum plate agglutination test
Complement fixation test

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Enzootic pneumonia of swine

Enzootic pneumonia of Swine

Antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae cross react with lung tissue
Transmission: Inhalation
Clinical findings: Chronic Disease and persistent Dry cough

Mycoplasma hyorhinis

Polyserositis of Swine

Transmission of inhalation Disease is most common in pigs between - weeks of age Bacteremia Serofibfrinous pericarditis, pleuritis, peritonitis Fibrinous synovitis and arthritis

Mycoplasma hyosynoviae

Polyarthritis of Swine

Habitat: URT of adult carrier of pigs Transmission: Inhalation Parthenogenesis: Disease is most common in growing pigs, Replication in tonsils followed by bacteremia, Non suppurative, nonproliferative, and nonerosive arthritis of stifle, elbow and hip joints

Mycoplasma bovis

Penumonia, Mastitis, (Result in cessation of milk production), Arthritis (Secondary to pneumonia and ingestion of contaminated milk), Genital Tract Infection

Mycoplasma bovoculi

Mild form of pinkeye in cattle | Synergistic infection with Moraxella bovis (severe pinkeye)

Mycoplasma ovipenumoniae

``` Acute and Chronic pneumonia (Sheeps and Goats) Clinical Findings: - Most prevalent in lambs and kids - Dry hacking cough - Loss of condition - Low mortality ```

Mycoplasma Conjunctivae

``` Inectious Keratoconjunctivitis of sheep and goats Clinical Findings: - Conjunctivities - Lacrimal Discharges - Keratitis (Blindness) ```

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

``` Chickens - Chronic respiratory disease Turkeys - Infectious sinusitis Transmission - Through eggs - Direct contact Clinical Findings - Coughing, oculonasal discharge, rales - Swelling of infraorbital sinus (turkeys) Reduction of egg production ```

Chronic Respiratory Disease

Depressed Chickens Swollen Face Cyanosis of the Comb

Infectious Sinusitis of Turkeys

Acute Sinusitis

Serology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Rapid plate agglutination Test Hemagglutination Detect antibodies in carrier birds

Mycoplasma synoviae

Airsacculitis and infectious synovitis of chickens and turkeys Transmission - Inhalation, egg transmission Clinical Findings - Airsacculitis (The bird may present with mild levels of respiratory distress and feather plucking) - Inflammation of synovial membranes if joints - Lamensses

Mycoplasm felis

Mucoid Conjunctivitis