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Bacteriology I Final Review > Spirochetes > Flashcards

Spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Spirochetes

A 
Slender, helically coiled bacteria
Motile by endoflagella
Stain poorly with the Gram stain
Inactive biochemically
Microscopy:  dark-field, phase contrast, or fluorescence microscopic examination
Relatively unstable in the environment
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2
Q

Characteristics of Leptospira Species

A

Slender, coiled spirochetes with hook-shaped ends
Obligate aerobes
Shed in urine of infected animals

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3
Q

Differentiation of Leptospira species

A 
Based on DNA homology
Nine species are recognized
Within a specie there may be multiple sero-vars
L. interrogans serovar canicola
L. interrogans serovar icterohemorrh
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4
Q

Leptospira Epidemiology

A 
Maintenance hosts
Rodents and small mammals
Infections are usually subclinical
Persistent shedding of leptospires in urine
Incidental hosts
Infections range from mild to severe
Transmission
Ingestion of contaminated water
Through skin and mucosal abrasions
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5
Q

Leptospires of Pathogenesis

A 
Leptospires are destroyed by gastric acid
Hematogenous spread
Dissemination to multiple organs
Nephritis 
Interstitial nephritis
 Immune complex-mediated renal damage (Type 3)
Anemia, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
Some serovars produce potent hemolysins
Hemorrhage
Vasculitis
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6
Q

Leptospires of Pathogenesis part 2

A 
CNS
Reproductive tract
Fetal death followed by resorption
Abortion
Birth of weak offspring
Immunity
Antibody-mediated
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7
Q

Canine Leptospirosis

A

Icterus
Hemorrahages
Swollen Necrotic Liver

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8
Q

Bovine and Equine Leptospirosis

A

Dark Swollen Kidney

Interstitial Nephritis

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9
Q

Diagnosis of Lepto in Kidney

A

Direct fluorescent antibody stain of leptospires in the kidney

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10
Q

Human leptospirosis

Synonyms

A

Weil’s disease; Fort Bragg fever; Swineherd’s dis-ease

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11
Q

Human Leptospirosis

Transmission

A

Exposure to contaminated water

Exposure to infected animals

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12
Q

Human Leptospirosis

Clinical Findings

A

Fever, anemia, jaundice, meningitis, nephritis, etc

Mortality: 10-15%

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13
Q

Borrelia Characteristics

A 
Largest of the spirochetes
Microaerophilic
Grow slowly—generation time of ≥ 18 hours
Arthropod-borne blood parasites
Vectors:  Ticks
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14
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme disease in humans, domestic and wild mammals
Vectors
Mice, deer, and ticks

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15
Q

Lyme Disease

Pathogenesis

A

Bacteremia
Multiplication in the joints, brain, eyes, heart, etc
Role of immune complexes in development of arthritis, etc

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16
Q

Lyme Disease

Dogs

A

Fever, arthritis, renal, cardiac, and CNS complications

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17
Q

Lyme Disease

Horses and cattle

A

Arthritis, encephalitis, nephritis, hepatitis, LAMENESS etc

18
Q

Lyme Disease in Humans

Transmission

A

Mostly by the nymph
Must remain attached for at least 36-48 hours
Removal of ticks

19
Q

Lyme Disease in Humans

Clinical Findings

A

Characteristic “bulls eye” skin rash
Arthritis, headache, lymphadenopathy, etc
Complications: cardiac and neurologic signs

20
Q

Lyme Disease Serology

A

Detection of IgM [2 weeks PI] or IgG [≥ 30 days PI] antibody
Indirect fluorescent antibody test
ELISA test
Positive test is confirmed with a Western blot assay

21
Q

Borrelia coriaceae

A

Causes Epizootic bovine abortion

22
Q

Epizootic bovine abortion

Transmission

A

Ornithodoros coriaceus

23
Q

Epizootic bovine abortion

Clinical Findings

A

Cow—asymptomatic infection
Late-term abortion
Birth of weak calf

24
Q

Brachyspira Species

A

Anaerobic spirochetes

Habitat: intestines of swine

25
Q

Brachyspire hyodysenteriae

A

Swine Dysentery (bloody scours) in pigs

26
Q

Swine Dysentery (bloody scours) in pigs

A 
Reservoirs
Rodents and carrier swine
Transmission
Fecal-oral transmission
Virulence factors
β-hemolysin and cytolysin
27
Q

Swine Dysentery

Pathogenesis

A

Weaners and grower pigs
Disease of the large intestines and rectum
Necrosis and erosion of mucosa of large intes-tines, especially colon
Mucohemorrhagic enteritis
Chronic form—diphtheritic inflammation of the colon, cecum, and rectum

28
Q

Characteristic of Bartonella henselae

A 
Short, gram-negative, aerobic rods
Fastidious growth requirements
Organism grows very slowly
Commensal of the oropharynx of healthy cats
No disease in cats
29
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

A

Cat to cat transmission is by Ctenocephalides felis
No direct cat to cat transmission
Humans: cat bite, scratch[es], contact with contaminated feces of cat fleas or cat saliva

30
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

Clinical Finding

A

Papular lesions
Chronic lymphadenitis
May be self-limiting
Parinaud’s Oculoglandular Syndrome

31
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

Diagnosis

A

History and clinical signs
Serology: detection of B. henselae antibodies
PCR: Detection of B. henselae DNA in tissues

32
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

Treatment

A

Tetracyclines

33
Q

Coxiella Burnetiis

A

Gram-negative, rickettsia-like organism
Obligate intracellular bacterium
Produces an endospore-like structure
Resistant to heat, sunlight and many chemical disinfectants
Low virulence
Q [query] fever in humans; infection in do-mestic animals
** Only organism that is not transmitted by arthropod**

34
Q

Coxiella burnetii

Reservoirs

A

Domestic and wild mammals; variety of arthro-pods

Cattle, sheep, and goats are the main reservoirs of infection for humans

35
Q

Coxiella burnetii

Transmission

A

Arthropod transmission
Inhalation
Ingestion

36
Q

Coxiella Burnetii in Ruminants

A

Transmission
Inhalation, arthropod transmission, etc
Nonpregnant animals
Mostly inapparent infections
Shed large numbers of organisms in urine, feces, milk and other body fluids
Pregnant animals
Shed billions of organisms in placental discharges
Sporadic abortions in sheep and goats; rarely cattle

37
Q

Q Fever in Humans

A

Inhalation of organisms; unpasteurized milk

38
Q

Q Fever in Humans

Pathogenesis

A

Replication in vascular endothelium, respiratory epithelium, serosal epithelia, and in renal epithelia
Widespread vasculitis and infarction of many organs
Diffuse granulomas in many organs

39
Q

Q Fever in humans

Clinical Findings

A

Fever, chills, headache, interstitial pneumonia, endocarditis, and hepatitis

40
Q

Q Fever in Humans

Serology

A

Detection of C. burnetii antibodies

ELISA, IFA

41
Q

Q Fever in Humans

Treatment

A

Doxycycline and tetracycline

42
Q

Q Fever in Humans

Vaccination

A

Inactivated vaccine for people at risk

Bacteriology I Final Review (12 decks)

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