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Year 9 End Of Year Geog Revision - SHHS > Year 8 - Topic 4 - Water On The Land > Flashcards

Year 8 - Topic 4 - Water On The Land Flashcards

1
Q

What is erosion?

A

The wearing away of land/rock. This is caused by the power of moving water such as water in a river or by the sea at the coast. Erosion causes the shape of the land to change.

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2
Q

What are the four types of erosion?

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Hydraulic Action

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3
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Rocks carried by water scrape off surfaces, wearing them away

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4
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks carried by the water smash into each other and wear away

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5
Q

What is solution?

A

Particles of rock can be dissolved by water

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6
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Water forces air and water into existing cracks and weaknesses, causing the cracks to become larger and weaken

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7
Q

What is transportation (of sediment)?

A

The power of the water carries sediment to different places. This is called transportation. The material that it transports is called the sediment

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8
Q

What is deposition?

A

As the sediment is moved downstream, some is dropped. This is called deposition

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9
Q

What three sections are rivers divided into?

A

Upper course
Middle course
Lower course

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10
Q

Is the gradient of the upper course steep, gentle or very gentle?

A

Steep gradient

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11
Q

Is the gradient of the middle course steep, gentle or very gentle?

A

Gentle gradient

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12
Q

Is the gradient of the lower course steep, gentle or very gentle?

A

Very gentle

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13
Q

What shape is the valley of the upper course?

A

V-shaped valley

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14
Q

What shape is the valley of the middle course?

A

Wider valley, flat floor

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15
Q

What shape is the valley of the lower course?

A

Very wide valley and flat

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16
Q

What is the river like in the upper course?

A

River is narrow, shallow and turbulent

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17
Q

What is the river like in the middle course?

A

River is wider and deeper

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18
Q

What is the river like in the lower course?

A

Widest, deepest river

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19
Q

What is the size of the load in the upper course?

A

Large bedload (rocks and boulders)

20
Q

What is the size of the load in the middle course?

A

Has small material in the load

21
Q

What is the size of the load in the lower course?

A

Has mainly suspended load (very fine and small)

22
Q

What process occurs in the upper course?

A

Mostly erosion

23
Q

What processes occur in the middle course?

A

Mostly erosion and deposition

24
Q

What process occurs in the lower course?

A

Mostly deposition

25
Q

What is a coastline?

A

A coastline is where land ends and the sea starts

26
Q

What features can be found at different coastlines?

A 
Beaches
Caves, arches, stacks, stumps
Sand dunes
Cliffs
Destructive waves and constructive waves
27
Q

What are glaciers?

A

Glaciers are huge rivers of ice that flow downhill very slowly. Glaciers scrape and shape the land that they flow over

28
Q

Glaciers shape the land when they flow in three main ways. What are they?

A

Abrasion
Plucking
Freeze-thaw weathering

29
Q

What is abrasion (for glaciers)?

A

Pieces of rock that are attached to the base of the glacier are dragged along the valley floor when the glacier is flowing. They scrape and erode the ground as they move

30
Q

What is plucking (for glaciers)?

A

Pieces of rock that are attached to the base of the glacier become loose when the base starts to melt. The fragments are ‘plucked’ from the ground layer when the glacier moves, eroding the land underneath

31
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

Water gets into cracks in rocks. When it freezes it expands by 9%. This process repeats over time and the constant freezing and expansion causes the cracks to weaken and fragments of rock break off

32
Q

How can prolonged and heavy rainfall lead to flooding?

A

Prolonged and heavy rainfall makes the ground saturated, leading to flooding

33
Q

How can snowmelt lead to flooding?

A

Snowmelt creates lots of surface run-off, leading to flooding

34
Q

How can steep land lead to flooding?

A

Steep land close to rivers increases the chances of flooding as rainfall travels quickly downhill and into rivers

35
Q

How can deforestation lead to flooding?

A

Taking away the roots and leaves of trees means more rainwater collects on the ground

36
Q

How can humans’ building settlements lead to flooding?

A

Humans’ building settlements can increase the chance of flooding as it makes the ground less permeable

37
Q

Is water distribution around the world even?

A

No. Many countries are experiencing water stress and shortages which is mostly related to a desert climate and the countries receiving very little rainfall

38
Q

What do people use water for?

A

Agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes

39
Q

How long is the River Nile?

A

It travels for 6,695km

40
Q

The Nile passes through 11 countries. What are they?

A 
Burundi
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Rwanda
Sudan
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
41
Q

When and where was the Aswan High Dam built and what does it control?

A

The Aswan High Dam was built in Egypt. This huge dam controls the flow of the river to generate electricity, irrigate (water) farms and provide homes with drinking water

42
Q

How much of Egypt’s population depend on the Aswan High Dam’s water?

A

More than 95% of Egypt’s population depend on its water and live within a few miles of the river banks

43
Q

What did Ethiopia do that started a dispute?

A

Ethiopia also built a dam that was $4.5 billion called the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Africa’s largest, with a reservoir about the size of London)

44
Q

Why did the Egyptians start a dispute with Ethiopia because they built a dam?

A

The dam will reduce the amount of water in the Aswan Dam in Egypt and they worry that the Dam will allow Ethiopia to control the flow of the river

45
Q

What is a dam?

A

A huge wall across the river, forming a reservoir (lake) behind the dam to store water

Year 9 End Of Year Geog Revision - SHHS (7 decks)

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