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Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most common glomerulonephritis in children, what is the physiological change?

A

minimal change

fusion of the podocytes

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2
Q

most common glomerulonephritis in adults

A

focal segmental

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3
Q

most common glomerulonephritis in the UK

A

membranous

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4
Q

most common glomerulonephritis in the world

A

IgA (related to HSP)

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5
Q

what glomerulonephritis has ANCA subtypes

A

rapidly progressive

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6
Q

define nephrotic syndrome

A

oedema, proteinuria >3g/day, hypoalbuminaemia

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7
Q

level 1 CKD

A

> 90ml/min

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8
Q

level 2 CKD

A

60-90

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9
Q

level 3a CKD

A

45-59

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10
Q

level 3b CKD

A

30-44

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11
Q

level 4 CKD

A

15-29

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12
Q

most common renal stone

A

calcium oxalate

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13
Q

what is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

sugar, amino acids, phosphate, sulphur and lactate

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14
Q

what is secreted at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

H+

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15
Q

what is absorbed in the loop of henle

A

Sodium, chlorine (ascending part)

water (descending part)

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16
Q

what is absorbed in the distal convoluted tubule

A

NaCL, Ca, Na, K

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17
Q

uncomplicated UTI in F

A

trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (3 days)

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18
Q

uncatheterised male, UTI treatment

A

trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin (7 days)

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19
Q

pregnancy UTI treatment

A

1st/2nd trimester - nitrofurantoin
3rd trimester - trimethoprim
All through pregnancy - cefalexin

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20
Q

diagnosis of diabetes

A

symptomatic; fasting>7, random>11

asymptomatic; same criteria on two occasions

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21
Q

screening test for acromegaly

A

IGF-1

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22
Q

diagnostic test for acromegaly

A

oral glucose tolerance

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23
Q

tests for addison

A

short synacthen, anti-21 hydroxyls, 9am cortisol

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24
Q

blood results in conns

A

excess aldosterone, increased NaCl, decreased K

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25
Q

test for adrenal hyperplasia

A

aldosterone to renin ratio

saline suppression test

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26
Q

test for cushings

A

low dose dexamethasone

24h urinary cortisol

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27
Q

antibodies in hashimotos

A

anti-Tg

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28
Q

test for phaechromocytoma

A

urinary catecholamines, 131 iodine MIBG

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29
Q

pituitary hormones; anterior

A

GH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, FSH, LH

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30
Q

pituitary hormones; posterior

A

oxytocin, ADH

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31
Q

hypothalamic hormones; inhibiting

A

somatostatin, dopamine

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32
Q

hypothalamic hormones; releasing

A

GHRH, PRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH

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33
Q

rapid acting insulin

A

humalog, novorapid, apidra

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34
Q

short acting insulin

A

humulin S, Actarapid, Insuman

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35
Q

intermediate insulin

A

Insulatard, Humulin I, insuman

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36
Q

long acting insulin

A

lantus, levemir

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37
Q

diabetes drugs; weight loss

A

metformin, incretins, SGLT2

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38
Q

diabetes drugs; weight gain

A

sulphonylureas, TZDs

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39
Q

diabetes drugs; weight neutral

A

DDP4s

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40
Q

diabetes drugs; prevent macrovascular complications

A

TZDs

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41
Q

diabetes drugs; prevent microvascular complications

A

sulphonylureas

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42
Q

what conditions make up MEN 1, what gene is at fault

A

parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas

MEN1

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43
Q

what conditions make up MEN2a, what gene is at fault

A

thyroid, parathyroid and pheochromocytoma

RET oncogene

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44
Q

what conditions make up MEN2b, what gene is at fault

A

medullary thyroid, phaeochromocytoma

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45
Q

treatment of otitis media

A

amoxicillin/clarithromycin

46
Q

treatment of otitis external

A

aural toilet/gentisone

47
Q

audiograms; normal hearing

A

above 20dB

48
Q

audiograms; sensorineural HL

A

both impaired

49
Q

audiograms; conductive HL

A

air impaired

50
Q

dizziness lasting
seconds
hours
days

A

BPPV
Menieres
labyrinthitis/neuritis

51
Q

how do you distinguish between episcleritis and scleritis

A

phenylephrine test

52
Q

gradual vision loss

A 
Cataracts 
ARMD 
Refractive error 
diabetic retinopathy 
inherited disorders 
glaucoma
53
Q

describe 3rd nerve palsy

A

eye down and out
pupil dilated and non responsive to light
complete ptosis

54
Q

describe 4th nerve palsy

A

vertical diplopia

55
Q

describe 6th nerve palsy

A

LR palsy

eye turned in

56
Q

nerve supply to arm; anterior

A

musculocutaneous

57
Q

nerve supply to arm; posterior

58
Q

nerve supply to forearm; anterior

A

median, ulnar

59
Q

nerve supply to forearm posterior

60
Q

nerve supply to thigh anterior

61
Q

nerve supply to thigh posterior

62
Q

nerve supply to thigh medial

63
Q

nerve supply to leg anterior

A

deep fibular

64
Q

nerve supply to leg posterior

65
Q

nerve supply to leg lateral

A

superficial fibular

66
Q

nerves at risk; humeral shaft fracture

67
Q

nerves at risk; anterior shoulder dislocation

68
Q

nerves at risk; medial epicondyle break

69
Q

nerves at risk; anterior hip dislocation

70
Q

nerves at risk; posterior hip dislocation

A

superior gluteal

71
Q

breakage repair; humeral shaft

A

brace, ORIF, nail or p+s

72
Q

breakage repair; hip intracapsular

A

hemiarthroplasty/THR

73
Q

breakage repair; hip extra capsular

74
Q

breakage repair; femoral shaft

A

thomas splint, nail/ORIF

75
Q

breakage repair; proximal tibia

A

p+s, external fixation

76
Q

breakage repair; tibial shaft

A

above knee cast, internal/external fixation

77
Q

breakage repair; distal radius

A

splint. manipulate, plaster case, wires, p+s

78
Q

breakage repair; humeral neck

A

sling, internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty (elderly)

79
Q

compound in gout

A

monosodium urate

80
Q

compound in pseudo gout

A

calcium pyrophosphate

81
Q

anti CCP

82
Q

ANA

83
Q

Anti-dsDNA

84
Q

anti-SM

85
Q

Anti-Ro

A

SLE/sjogrens

86
Q

Anti-cardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant

A

anti-phospholipid syndrome

87
Q

anti-centromere

A

limited systemic sclerosis

88
Q

anti-scl70

A

diffuse systemic sclerosis

89
Q

anti RNP

90
Q

antiJo1

91
Q

ANCA

A

small vessel vasculitis

92
Q

what does the 5in1 contain

A

diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, Hib, polio

93
Q

gross motor skills

A 
6w head vertical 
6m rolls over 
12m cruises 
2y stairs with 2 feet 
4y runs, hops
94
Q

fine motor skills

A 
6w torch 
6m palmar grasp 
12m pincer grip 
2y 6/7 blocks, circle 
4y cross man
95
Q

language skills

A 
6w voice 
6m mono babbles 
12m name 
2y 50+ words, instructions 
4y stories, count 20
96
Q

social skills

A 
6w smile 
6m strangers 
12m waves bye bye, drinks from cup 
2y hat, shoes, symbolic play 
4y dresses
97
Q

vaccines for 2m

A

5 in 1, men b, PCV, rotavirus

98
Q

vaccines for 3m

A

5 in 1, men c, rotavirus

99
Q

vaccines for 4m

A

5 in 1, men b, PCV

100
Q

vaccines for 1 y

A

Hib/men c, PCV, men b, MMR

101
Q

vaccines for 2-11

A

flu, 5in1, MMR

102
Q

outline the treatment for acne

A
  1. benzyl peroxide/ topical retinoid
  2. antibiotic
  3. dianette
  4. roaccutaine
103
Q

outline the treatment for psoriasis

A
  1. vit D analogue
  2. coal tar
  3. dithranol
  4. phototherapy
104
Q

outline the treatment for rosacea

A
  1. topical metronidazole

2. oral tetracycline

105
Q

broken enzyme and build up in PCT

A

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

- uroporphyrins

106
Q

broken enzyme and build up in EP

A

ferrocheletase

- protophyrins

107
Q

broken enzyme and build up in AIP

A

PBG aminase

- uroporphyrins

108
Q

treatment of hyperkalaemia

A
  • calcium gluconate 10ml 10%
  • dextrose + insulin
  • salbutamol NEB 10-20mg
  • calcium resonium
109
Q

indications for dialysis in AKI

A

creatinine >500, ph<7, encephalopathy

110
Q

indications for dialysis in CKD

A

stage 4. below 30

111
Q

treatment of pyelonephritis

A

IV amox + gent

step down to co-trimoxazole PO

Finals (11 decks)

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