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Finals > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

benign tumour, affects children, surgery is curative

A

astrocytoma

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2
Q

brain tumour affecting the frontal lobe, 25-45 year olds, presenting with seizures

A

oligodendral tumours

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3
Q

what viruses target neurones

A

herpes, polio, rabies

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4
Q

how do viruses infect neurones

A

exploit retrograde transport in the axon

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5
Q

sensory fibres leave what horn

A

dorsal

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6
Q

motor fibres leave what horn

A

ventral

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7
Q

name the substrate and receptor involved in excitatory nerve impulses

A

glutamate, cation selective inotropic

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8
Q

name the substrates and receptor involved in inhibitory nerve impulses

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA, glycine, target post synaptic anion inotropics

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9
Q

when is glutamate inhibitory

A

when it acts on metatropic glutamate receptors

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10
Q

what cells line the ventricles

A

ependymal cells

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11
Q

what cells are the phagocytes of the NS

A

microglia

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12
Q

what cells produce myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrites

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13
Q

what cells produce myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

what cells maintain the BBB in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

what is spatial summation

A

many neurones combine to reach threshold

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16
Q

inheritance pattern of DMD

A

x-linked recessive

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17
Q

inheritance pattern of Huntington

A

autosomal dominant

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18
Q

pathophysiology behind hunting tons

A

excess glutamine, CAG repeats = abnormal huntingtin gene

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19
Q

most common dementia

A

alxhiemers

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20
Q

molecular changes seen in alzheimers

A

cortical neurone loss, neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques

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21
Q

treatment of tics

A

clonidine, tetrabenzamine and CBT

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22
Q

CSF result in tuberculous meningitis

A

clear, lymphocytes, increased protein, decreased glucose

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23
Q

onset of MS

A

30-40 years

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24
Q

where is the problem in internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

medial longitudinal fasiculus

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25
Q

describe CSf result in MS

A

clear, increased oligoclonal bands

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26
Q

treatment of MS fatigue

A

amantadine

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27
Q

treatment of MS exacerbation

A

symptomatic treatment, steroids: methylprednisolone 500mg OD

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28
Q

first line disease slowing drugs in MS

A

interferon beta

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29
Q

second line disease slowing drugs in MS

A

monoclonal antibodies

30
Q

third line disease slowing drugs in MS

A

mitoxantrone (relapsing progressive)

31
Q

first line drug for relapsing remitting

A

tecfedira

32
Q

describe UMN lesions in MND

A

increased tone, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response, spastic gait, increased jaw jerk, bradykinesia

33
Q

describe LMN in MND

A

wasting, fatigue, fasciculations, absent/reduced reflexes

34
Q

what is the most common type of MND

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

35
Q

what features does ALS have

A

UMN and LMN

36
Q

what features does primary lateral sclerosis have

A

only UMN

37
Q

what disorders tend to precede parkinson

A

REM parasomnias

38
Q

in what syndrome are antibodies produced against presynaptic calcium terminals

A

Lambert Eaton syndrome

39
Q

what is the problem in myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies produced against acetylcholine receptors

40
Q

how do you manage myasthenia gravis

A

give acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

41
Q

release of what chemical produces aura in migraine

A

substance P

42
Q

what can you give as migraine prophylaxis

A

propranolol, tropiramate, amitryptiline

43
Q

what headaches come under trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

A

cluster, hemicranias, SUNCT

44
Q

prophylactic treatment of cluster headaches

A

verapamil

45
Q

general management of cluster headaches

A

sumatriptan, steroids

46
Q

gold standard confirmation of SAH

A

angiography

47
Q

csf appearance in SAH

A

xanthochromic

48
Q

management of SAH

A

endovascular treatment or surgical clipping

49
Q

explain cord transection

A

a complete lesion affecting all motor and sensory components

50
Q

explain cord hemisection

A

ipsilateral motor and sensory loss (not pain and temp) and contralateral pain and temp loss

51
Q

explain central cord syndrome

A

cape like sensory loss and distal upper limb weakness

52
Q

extradural masses are typically

A

metastases

53
Q

brain abcesses in the UK are typically caused by

A

staph

54
Q

imaging of choice in brain abscesses

A

ct with contrast

55
Q

management of brain abscess

A

drain. give ceftriaxone and metronidazole

56
Q

management of gillian barre

A

immunoglobulin infusion/plasma exchange

57
Q

management of generalised seizures

A

sodium valproate/lamotrigine

58
Q

management of partial seizures

A

carbamazepine/lamotrigine

59
Q

3 second spike and wave pattern on EEG

A

petit mal

60
Q

what kind of stroke:

  • contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss
  • lower limbs affected over upper
A

anterior cerebral

61
Q

what kind of stroke:

  • contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss
  • contralateral homonymous hemianopia
  • upper limbs affected over lower
A

middle cerebral

62
Q

what kind of stroke:

  • contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
  • visual agnosia
A

posterior cerebral

63
Q

what kind of stroke:

  • ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss
  • contralateral limb/torse pain and temperature loss
  • ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo and dysarthria
A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (lateral medullary syndrome)

64
Q

what kind of stroke:

- locked in syndrome

A

Basilar artery

65
Q

what kind of stroke:
- either:
hemiparesis, hemisensory loss or hemiparesis with limb ataxia

A

lacunar stroke

66
Q

what sites can lacunar stroke effect

A

basal ganglia, thalamus, internal capsule

67
Q

name the pathogens of meningitis in the following age groups:

  1. neonates
  2. kids
  3. 10-21
  4. 21+
A
  1. Listeria, E.Coli
  2. H.Influezae
  3. meningococcal
  4. pneumococcal
68
Q

treatment of bacterial meningitis

A

ceftriaxone IV 2g BD include amoxicillin if listeria cover needed.
give IV dexamethasone 10mg QDS

pen allergic: chloramphenicol

69
Q

describe various CSF results

  1. bacterial
  2. viral
  3. fungal
A
  1. cloudy in colour, low in glucose, high in protein, polymorphs
  2. clear/cloudy, 60-80% of plasma glucose, normal/raised protein, lymphocytes
  3. cloudy/ fibrin web, low glucose, high protein, lymphocytes
70
Q

what causes parkinson’s

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra

71
Q

parkinsonism triad

A

bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity

72
Q

treatment of parkinson’s

A

young: ropinirole
older: selegiline/cabergoline

tremor and rigidity: procylidine

Finals (11 decks)

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