Y2 Session 12 - Global Health Flashcards
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
An approach by the UN to quantify development (third world, developing world etc.) between 0.001 and 0.999
What are the three measures of development to calculate HDI?
- Knowledge based on education and literacy
- Healthy life based on life expectancy
- Standard of living based on income adjusted for local circumstances (purchasing power parity, PPP)
What are the 4 groups of countries by HDI?
Very high e.g. norway
High e.g. trinidad, tobago
Medium e.g. morocco
Low e.g. uganda
What are some other ways we might categorise countries?
- HIC (high-income country) and LMIC (low and middle income countries)
- Global south is a commonly used term denoting low income countries recently industrialising, often having a colonial history.
What is WASH?
Water - safe for drinking, washing, domestic activities
Sanitation - safe removal of waste
Hygiene - a range of health promotion activities that encourage protective healthy behaviour practices
60% of world doesn’t have good sanitation
What are some globally prevalent WASH-related diseases?
- Diarrhea
- Malaria
- Schistosomiasis
- Trachoma
- Intestinal helminths
- Japanese encephalitis
- Hepatitis A
What is defined as safe drinking water and sanitation by the UN, classed as a human right?
- Between 50-100 litres of water per person per day for basic needs
- Water source must be within 1000 metres from home
- Water cost should no exceed 3% of household income
- Collection time shouldn’t exceed 30 minutes
What are the 5 types of infectious disease of water?
- Water-borne - contaminated water
- Water-washed - poor personal hygiene
- Water-based - transmitted by aquatic organisms
- Water-related insect vector - spread by insects
- Diseases caused by poor sanitation e.g. hookworm
What are sustainable development goals (SDGs)?
A package of 17 goals set by the UN, designed to be achieved with 15 years to 2030 to transform human progress globally. Many are interlinked e.g. SDG3 - health and well-being links to SDG9 - infrastructure and transport.
What is maternal death defined as?
The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause by pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.
What is MMR (maternal death)?
Maternal mortality ratio, maternal mortality is one of the most important global health indicators of a country’s health and wellbeing. MMR is the epidemiological indicator use, calculating number of deaths divided by the number of live births per 100,000 live births.
What is MMR really an indicator for?
It is a proxy measure of how accessible, responsive and effective a health system is and the degree to which a health system is response to women’s health. By proxy this may also show how politically invested a country is in achieving equal health outcomes for men and women.
How does human health appear to relate to planetary health?
Our health outcomes are getting better whilst the ecological health is getting worse. Our consumption is getting greater as we progress and it is becoming greater than our resources.
What is the tragedy of the commons?
Where one person becomes greedy and uses the resources from the larger population and their greed is prioritised over the needs of everyone e.g. antimicrobial resistance caused by the overuse of antibiotics and antivirals in agriculture.
