Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LMAP > Y2 Session 11 - Older Person's Health > Flashcards

Y2 Session 11 - Older Person's Health Flashcards

1
Q

Why does food intake decline with age?

A

Due to a decreased

  1. Basal metabolic rate
  2. Lean body mass
  3. Sense of taste
  4. Sense of smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What physical changes put older people at risk of malnutrition (10% of over 65s)?

A
  1. Poor dentition
  2. Swallowing difficulties
  3. Arthritis and declining co-ordination
  4. Deteriorating eyesight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cognitive changes put older people at risk of malnutrition (10% of over 65s)?

A
  1. 22% of men, 28% of women over 65 experience low mood
  2. Cognitive decline can affect planning and organising cooking
  3. If conditions get severe, they may be in settings like a nursing home that may have poor feeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What medication changes and conditions put older people at risk of malnutrition (10% of over 65s)?

A
  1. Medical conditions can impair appetite including cancers, heart failure, CKD and hypothyroidism
  2. Conditions like IBS and coeliac’s can affect absorption
  3. Medications like some diuretics and antihypertensives can impair appetite.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What puts older people at risk of overnutrition?

A

Physical and mental health changes can lower activity levels, whilst people still eat the same food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some general outcomes for malnutrition?

A
  1. Impaired immune function
  2. Poor wound healing
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Cognitive impairment
  5. Mood disturbance
  6. Joint and muscle pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the outcomes for a lack of

  1. Calcium and vitamin D
  2. Vitamin C
  3. Vitamin B12 and folate
  4. Skeletal muscle mass?
A
  1. Osteomalacia
  2. Poor wound healing
  3. Anaemia
  4. Sarcopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do we assess malnutrition in older patients?

A

Ask them, carers and family if the patient consents. Ask about

  1. Changes to weight and BMI
  2. SHx, DHx, PMHx
  3. Menthal health conditions
  4. A food and fluid diary as retrospectively remembering may be difficult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do we examine a patient for malnutrition?

A

Assess:

  1. Weight
  2. BMI
  3. Dentition
  4. Other relevant areas e.g. nails, hair, skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What investigations might we carry out after a physical exam for malnutrition?

A

Consider bloods based on history.

Use MUST - malnutrition universal screening tool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)?

A

A sleep disorder caused by a partially or fully blocked airway. This starves the brain of oxygen causing micro-arousal leading to a sharp intake of breath. (Snoring, absence of breath and then a sharp intake of breath).
Diagnosed by a BANG survey.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patients with OSA may not be aware of their abnormal nighttime breathing so what might they present with instead?

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness. An increased pressure to fall asleep during normal waking hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does OSA put patients at an increased risk of?

A

CVD, T2DM, strokes, depression.

Hypercapnia can cause death of cells, especially in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause OSA?

A
  1. Large tonsils
  2. A set back jaw
  3. Excessive weight around tongue and pharynx
  4. Sleeping on your back

Increasing REM sleep can worsen this due to this being the stage where you are paralysed. This is increased by things like alcohol intake and certain anti-depressants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main treatment for OSA?

A

You can treat the cause e.g. with weight loss, tonsil removal, jaw surgery, quitting smoking and alcohol.
Or with CPAP to blow air into the airway to keep the airway open. Compliance is low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Difficulty initiating sleep or maintaining sleep or waking up earlier than desired or resistance to go to bed or difficulty sleeping without caregiver.

Daytime difficulties due to sleep - important.

1-3 months is short term. 3+ months is classed as chronic.

17
Q

What is recommended for insomnia?

A

Psychotropic drugs are not recommended.
CBT is recommended for sleep hygiene, relaxation training, paradoxical intention, cognitive therapy or sleep restriction therapy.

18
Q

What is sleep restriction therapy?

A

Retraining patients on when to sleep and may incorporate short-term sleep deprivation.

19
Q

What is insomnia a predictor of?

A

Secondary disorders like depression.

20
Q

What are hypnotic drugs?

A

Drugs with sedative effects like benzodiazepines. These are GABA receptor agonists. Zopiclone is an example of a non-benzo hypnotic.

21
Q

What are the drawbacks of hypnotic drugs?

A
  1. Used at minimum dose as patients can become dependent, as well as only being used short-term
  2. “Hangover” effects such as slurred speech, confusion, unsteady gait and drowsiness. This has caused road traffic accidents.
22
Q

How can hypnotics affect older patients?

A
  1. A high rate of falls causing morbidity and mortality.
  2. In OD they are more susceptible to cardiorespiratory depression
  3. Reduced social functioning due to memory and gait disturbance
  4. Impaired cognitive function secondary to benzos that may be wrongly diagnosed as dementia
  5. Mood disturbance
23
Q

What is the difference between loneliness and social isolation?

A

Social isolation is about an objective measure of the number of contacts people have. Whereas, loneliness is about the subjective feeling of a person’s desired levels of social contact, the quality of these relationships.

24
Q

How can loneliness effect the body?

A

Loneliness can cause stress and depression. this can effect

  1. Sleep, affecting the immune system and increasing inflammation and BP
  2. This can in turn affect how we follow a healthy diet impacting on our medical and physical health
  3. This can cause mental health conditions e.g.depression
  4. The cardiovascular system may be under strain due to stress, poor diet and lack of sleep causing diabetes, strokes or coronary heart disease.
25
Q

How do GPs social prescribe?

A

They highlight a need during a consultation with patients. They will direct this patient to a link worker, someone with health and social care experience, who can then direct them towards a community organisation that can benefit them

26
Q

What is the effect of greenspaces on health outcomes?

A
  1. Reduced diastolic BP and HR
  2. Reduced salivary cortisol
  3. Lower T2DM and stroke cases
  4. Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality
  5. Lower HDL cholesterol
  6. Better self-reported health
  7. Increased sleep duration
  8. Decreased risk of pre-term birth and underweight babies
  9. Improved productivity, stress and improved social cohesion with lower crime.
27
Q

What are end-stage symptoms?

A

Symptoms that require end-stage medical intervention, like surgery.

LMAP (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions