Y11 Mock Infection and Response Flashcards
what are bacteria
small cells that can reproduce quickly in the body
they produce toxins that make you feel ill and damage your cells and tissues
what are viruses
smaller than bacteria
can reproduce quickly in the body
live inside cells where they replicate then burst out of the cell releasing new viruses
what kind of disease is salmonella
bacterial
how is salmonella spread
bacteria ingested on food
precautions against salmonella
in the uk poultry are vaccinated against salmonella
symptoms of salmonella
fever , stomach cramps, vomiting , diarrhoea
what causes salmonella symptoms
toxins produced by the bacteria
what kind of disease is gonorrhoea
bacterial
sexually transmitted
symptoms of gonorrhoea
thick yellow/ green discharge from vagina or penis
pain when urinating
how is gonorrhoea treated
antibiotics
what kind of disease is rose black spot
fungal
features of rose black spot
purple/black spots develop on leaves
affects growth as photosynthesis is reduced
spread by wind or water
can be treated using fungicides and removing affected leaves
features of malaria
pathogens that cause malaria are protists
mosquito is the vector
causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal
spread is controlled by preventing mosquitos breeding, using nets
what is a vaccination
small quantities of a dead or weakened form of a pathogen
how do vaccinations work
introduce dead or weakened pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce anti bodies
if the same pathogen re enters the body , the memory cells recognise the antigen and produce antibodies , preventing illness
what is an antibiotic
a medicine that help cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria in the body
specific bacteria are streamed by specific antibiotics
what is a painkiller
blocks synaptic transmissions and treats symptoms of the disease but does not kill the pathogens
where does digitalis come from
foxgloves
where does aspirin come from
willow
where does penicillin come from
penicillium mould
why do new drugs have to be trialed
check they are safe and effective
what are drugs tested for
toxicity
efficacy
dose
drug testing process
clinical trials use healthy volunteers
very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial
if the drug is safe, further trials are carried out to find the optimum dose
in double blind trials some patients receive a placebo
how is preclinical testing done
in a laboratory
using cells , tissues, live animals
what are monoclonal antibodies
specific antibodies to one binding sire on one protein antigen so are able to target a specific chemicals or cell in the body
produced from a single clone of cells
steps of monoclonal antibody production
1 stimulate mouse lymphocytes to make a specific antibody
2 combine lymphocytes with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma cell
3 hybridoma cells can divide and make the antibody
4 single hybridoma cels are cloned to produce many identical cells that produce the same antibody
5 a large amount of the antivody can be collected and purified
monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests
HCG hormones is found in pregnant urine
pregnancy testing sticks detect the hormone
HCG binds to antibodies on the stick and changes colour if pregnant
monoclonal antibodies in treating cancer
anti cancer drugs can be attached to monoclonal antibodies
target specific cancer cells by binding to the cancer marker
kills the cancer cells but not the normal body cells
monoclonal antibodies in detecting pathogens ij the blood
modified to bind to specific pathogen
bound to a fluorescent dye
if the pathogens are in the sample, the antibodies bind to it and the dye can be observed
how is plant disease detected
stunted growth
spots on leaves
areas of decay
growths
malformed stems / leaves
discolouration
pests
how is plant disease identified
references to gardening manuals/ websites
taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
