Y11 Mock Infection and Response

Question 1

what are bacteria

Answer 1

small cells that can reproduce quickly in the body
they produce toxins that make you feel ill and damage your cells and tissues

Question 2

what are viruses

Answer 2

smaller than bacteria
can reproduce quickly in the body
live inside cells where they replicate then burst out of the cell releasing new viruses

Question 3

what kind of disease is salmonella

Answer 3

bacterial

Question 4

how is salmonella spread

Answer 4

bacteria ingested on food

Question 5

precautions against salmonella

Answer 5

in the uk poultry are vaccinated against salmonella

Question 6

symptoms of salmonella

Answer 6

fever , stomach cramps, vomiting , diarrhoea

Question 7

what causes salmonella symptoms

Answer 7

toxins produced by the bacteria

Question 8

what kind of disease is gonorrhoea

Answer 8

bacterial
sexually transmitted

Question 9

symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 9

thick yellow/ green discharge from vagina or penis
pain when urinating

Question 10

how is gonorrhoea treated

Answer 10

antibiotics

Question 11

what kind of disease is rose black spot

Answer 11

fungal

Question 12

features of rose black spot

Answer 12

purple/black spots develop on leaves
affects growth as photosynthesis is reduced
spread by wind or water
can be treated using fungicides and removing affected leaves

Question 13

features of malaria

Answer 13

pathogens that cause malaria are protists
mosquito is the vector
causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal
spread is controlled by preventing mosquitos breeding, using nets

Question 14

what is a vaccination

Answer 14

small quantities of a dead or weakened form of a pathogen

Question 15

how do vaccinations work

Answer 15

introduce dead or weakened pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce anti bodies
if the same pathogen re enters the body , the memory cells recognise the antigen and produce antibodies , preventing illness

Question 16

what is an antibiotic

Answer 16

a medicine that help cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria in the body
specific bacteria are streamed by specific antibiotics

Question 17

what is a painkiller

Answer 17

blocks synaptic transmissions and treats symptoms of the disease but does not kill the pathogens

Question 18

where does digitalis come from

Answer 18

foxgloves

Question 19

where does aspirin come from

Answer 19

willow

Question 20

where does penicillin come from

Answer 20

penicillium mould

Question 21

why do new drugs have to be trialed

Answer 21

check they are safe and effective

Question 22

what are drugs tested for

Answer 22

toxicity
efficacy
dose

Question 23

drug testing process

Answer 23

clinical trials use healthy volunteers
very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial
if the drug is safe, further trials are carried out to find the optimum dose
in double blind trials some patients receive a placebo

Question 24

how is preclinical testing done

Answer 24

in a laboratory
using cells , tissues, live animals

Question 25

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 25

specific antibodies to one binding sire on one protein antigen so are able to target a specific chemicals or cell in the body
produced from a single clone of cells

Question 26

steps of monoclonal antibody production

Answer 26

1 stimulate mouse lymphocytes to make a specific antibody
2 combine lymphocytes with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma cell
3 hybridoma cells can divide and make the antibody
4 single hybridoma cels are cloned to produce many identical cells that produce the same antibody
5 a large amount of the antivody can be collected and purified

Question 27

monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests

Answer 27

HCG hormones is found in pregnant urine
pregnancy testing sticks detect the hormone
HCG binds to antibodies on the stick and changes colour if pregnant

Question 28

monoclonal antibodies in treating cancer

Answer 28

anti cancer drugs can be attached to monoclonal antibodies
target specific cancer cells by binding to the cancer marker
kills the cancer cells but not the normal body cells

Question 29

monoclonal antibodies in detecting pathogens ij the blood

Answer 29

modified to bind to specific pathogen
bound to a fluorescent dye
if the pathogens are in the sample, the antibodies bind to it and the dye can be observed

Question 30

how is plant disease detected

Answer 30

stunted growth
spots on leaves
areas of decay
growths
malformed stems / leaves
discolouration
pests

Question 31

how is plant disease identified

Answer 31

references to gardening manuals/ websites
taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies