XII Chap 9 Enhancement of Food Production Flashcards
______ of livestock population is in China and India, however contribution to world product is _____
70% population
25% contribution
Milk yield is primarily dependent on:
quality of breeds => high yielding potential and high resistance to diseases
What is a breed?
Group of animals related by descent, similar in most characters
What is inbreeding?
Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations
What are the characteristics of a superior female and male cow/buffalo?
Superior female: more milk per lactation
Superior male: superior progeny
____________ increases homozygosity
Inbreeding
What is inbreeding depression?
When closely related animals are continuously bred and fertility and productivity reduces.
What is the solution to inbreeding depression?
Selected animals mated with unrelated superiors of SAME breed => fertility and yield is restored
What are the 3 types of out-breeding
Out-crossing (same breed, no common ancestors)
Cross-breeding (different breeds)
Interspecific hybridization (diff species)
What is outcrossing?
Within same breed, but no common ancestors up to 4-6 generations
___________ is the best breeding method for animals that are average in productivity
Out-crossing
A single outcross cannot overcome inbreeding depression. T or F?
False
What is cross-breeding?
Two different breeds combined
e.g. Hisardale is new breed of SHEEP in Punjab, cross of Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams
What is interspecific hybridisation?
Mating two different but related species
e.g. Mule
Mule is a cross of __________ and _________
Male donkey (jack) Female horse (mare)
Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using _______________
artificial insemination
What is artificial insemination?
Semen collected from male and injected into reproductive tract of female;
semen can be used immediately or frozen
What is multiple ovulation embryo transfer?
Cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity,
produces 6-8 eggs instead of the usual 1 per cycle,
fertilized eggs at 8-32 cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate;
mother is available for another round of super ovulation
Crossing mature male and female animals has a high success rate because of artificial insemination. T or F?
False, has low success rate
Bee-keeping is aka __________
apiculture
Most common species of bees is __________
Apis indica
Bee-keeping is labour intensive. T or F?
False
What are the important points to keep in mind for bee-keeping?
- knowledge of nature and habits of bees
- suitable location for beehives
- catching and hiving of swarms
- management of hives during different seasons
- handling and collection of honey & beeswax
Sort these fish into freshwater vs. marine: Sardines Catla Pomfrets Rohu Mackerel Hilsa Common Carp
Sardines - marine Catla - fresh water Pomfrets - marine Rohu - fresh water Mackerel - marine Hilsa - marine Common Carp - fresh water
Aquaculture vs pisciculture
Aquaculture - flora and fauna with commercial value
Pisciculture - fish & fish-related food products only
What is the Green Revolution?
Improvements in food production to increase yield during 1960s to meet national requirements (we had enough to eventually export as well!)
High yielding varieties of wheat and rice
What is plant breeding?
Purposeful manipulation of plant species => higher yield, disease resistent
What is classical plant breeding?
Crossing or hybridisation of pure lines, followed by artificial selection
Desirable characteristics promoted during plant breeding?
- Higher yield
- Improved quality
- More tolerance to environmental stresses
- Resistance to pathogens
- Increased tolerance to insect pests
What are the systematic steps of plant breeding worldwide?
- Collection of variability (germplasm collection)
- Evaluation and selection of parents (from germplasm)
- Cross hybridisation among selected parents
- Selection and testing of superior recombinants (self-pollination)
- Testing, release and commercialization (first in research fields, then commercial farm fields)
What is a germplasm collection?
All plants / seeds;
all the diverse alleles for all genes;
for a given crop
Cross-hybridization is a tedious and time-consuming process. T or F?
True
How many hybrids end up combining to show desirable characters in a cross?
1 in a few hundred to thousand
Once superior recombinants are selected they are ___________ for several generations until they achieve ____________
self-pollinated;
homozygosity (state of uniformity) - ensures characters will not separate in progeny
Testing hybrids in research fields is followed by testing in farmers’ fields for ______ (how long?) and _______ (where?)
at least 3 growing seasons;
in all the agroclimate zones where the crop is usually grown
What is the hybrid compared to during the final stages of testing?
The best available local crop cultivar
Agriculture accounts for _____ % of India’s GDP and ______ % of employment
33% - GDP
62% - employment
Wheat and rice production increased due to this development _____ by ______?
semi-dwarf varieties of wheat by Nobel Laureate Norman E Borlaug in Mexico @ International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement
semi-dwarf rice varieties developed from IR-8 (Intl Rice Research Insti, Philippines) and Taichung Native-1 (Taiwan)
What were the advanced high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in India called?
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona - wheat - 1963
Jaya and Ratna - rice
_________ and _________ (sugarcane species) have been crossed. What qualities were being selected for
Saccharum barberi - north Indian - ability to grow in North areas
Saccharum officinarum - south Indian - thicker stems and high sugar
Maize, jowar and bajra are this type of food ________ and hybrid varieties are resistant to _______
millets;
water stress
Name which organism causes these diseases: Brown rust of wheat, Tobacco mosaic, Black rot of crucifers, Red rot of sugarcane, Turnip mosaic, Late blight of potato Smut of bajra
Brown rust of wheat - fungi Tobacco mosaic - virus Black rot of crucifers - bacteria Red rot of sugarcane - fungi Turnip mosaic - virus Late blight of potato - fungi Smut of bajra - fungi
For each crop, name the hybrid variety and the disease/insect pest it is resistant to: Okra (Bhindi) Wheat Brassica (rapeseed mustard) Brassica Cauliflower Cowpea Flat bean Chili
Okra (Bhindi) - Pusa Sawant, Pusa A-4 || Shoot and fruit borer (insect pest)
Wheat - Hingiri || leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt
Brassica (rapeseed mustard) - Pusa Gaurav || Aphids (Insect pest)
Brassica - Pusa swarnim (Karan rai) || White rust
Cauliflower - Pusa Shubhra || Black rot and Curl + Pusa Snowball K-1 ||
blight black rot
Cowpea - Pusa Komal || Bacterial blight
Flat bean - Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3 || Jassids, aphids and fruit borer
Chili - Pusa Sadabahar || Chilly mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus and leaf curl
What are the constraints on conventional breeding and what is an alternative?
Limited number of disease resistance genes present and identified; Alternative: inducing mutations
What is mutation breeding?
Process by which genetic variations are created through changes in base sequence in genes using chemicals or radiations (e.g. gamma)
Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from ___________
a wild species => new variety was called Parbhani kranti
What are 2 sources of resistance genes?
In same crop species, bred for resistance OR
related wild species
Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by _______________ between target and source plant, followed by _____________
sexual hybridization; selection
Insect resistance can be due to ______, _____ or ______ characteristics of the plant
morphological,
biochemical,
physiological
_______ leaves in plants are associated with resistance to inset pests. Examples?
Hairy
examples: Cotton resistance to jassids; wheat - cereal leaf beetle
______ stems lead to non-preference by the _____ (pest) in wheat
Solid stems; stem sawfly
_______ leaves and _____-less cotton varieties do not attract _______
Smooth-leaved, nectar-less, bollworms
High ____ and low _____ in maize leads to resistance to ______
High aspartic acid,
low nitrogen and sugar content,
maize stem borers
What is ‘hidden hunger’?
Nutritional deficiencies
Essential micronutrients that may be deficient in our diets
iron, vitamin A, iodine and zinc
What is biofortification?
Breeding crops with higher levels vitamins / minerals / proteins / healthy fats
_______________ is the most practical means to improve public health
Biofortification
Objectives of biofortification (what does it try to improve in the plant)
- Protein content and quality
- Oil content and quality
- Vitamin content
- Micronutrient and mineral content
In 2000, maize hybrids were developed that had twice the amount of _____, _____ and _______
amino acids, lysine and trptophan
_________ is a wheat variety with high protein content
Atlas 66
Iron-fortified rice has over ____ times as much iron
5
What is Single Cell Protein?
alternative source of protein for animal and humans; microbes, bacteria and fungi
blue-green algae (spirulina), Methylophilus methylotrophus (bacteria)
______ is a SCP that has a high rate of biomass production and growth than can be expected to produce 25 tonnes of protein
Methulophilus Methulotrophus
_________ is a SCP that can easily be grown on materials like waste water from potato processing, straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage
Spirulina
What is tissue culture?
technology to grow whole plants from explants (part of a plant)
test tube - sterile conditions - special nutrient media
1950s
_______ is the capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant
Totipotency
Nutrient medium in tissue culture must provide _______
carbon source (e.g. sucrose); inorganic salts vitamins amino acids growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins, etc)
_________ is the method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture
Micro-popagation
In micropropagation, each plant will be genetically identical. T or F?
True
Identical plants in micro-propagation are called _________
e.g.
Somaclones
e.g. tomato, banana, apple
Tissue culture can be used to recover healthy plants from diseased plants by removing the ______ and growing it in vitro.
e.g.
Meristem (apical and axillary)
e.g. banana, sugarcane, potato
What is somatic hybridisation?
Isolated protoplasts ( from isolated single cells after digesting their cell walls) from 2 varieties are fused e.g. pomato (but commercially unviable)
Management of animals for milk and its products for human consumption is called
Dairying
Today, all our major food crops are derived from which of the following?
Domesticated varieties or GM varieties?
Domesticated varieties
In mung bean, the resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were introduced by _________
mutations
______ is the Indian scientist associated with the Green Revolution in India
M.S. Swaminathan
For which of the following animals has MOET not been demonsrated? Sheep Cattle Rabbits Dogs
Dogs
Which of the following is not pollinated by bees? Sunflower Brassica Apple Chili
Chili
Plant breeding has been practised for thousands of years since the beginning of human civilization. T or F?
True
Plant breeding dates back ____________ years ago
9000-11,000
Present-day crops are a result of domestication in ancient times. T or F?
T
__________ is the root of any breeding program
Genetic variability
During the period 1960 to 2000, wheat production increased from _____ to _____
11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes
During the period 1960 to 2000, rice production increased from _____ to _____
35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes
Kalyan Sona has which added advantages?
High yielding and disease resistance
More than ________ people worldwide do not have access to adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements
840 million
Three billion people suffer from micronutrient, protein, vitamin deficiencies or “hidden hunger” because they are not able to buy enough fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish and meat. T or F?
True
Breeding methods for insect pest resistance involve the same steps as those for any other agronomic trait such as yield or quality. T or F?
True
Hisardale is a new breed of sheep in Punjab developed by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams is an example of ?
Cross-breeding
Milk-yielding capacity of buffaloes is ____ times more as compared to cows
three times
Buffalo milk is superior to cow milk wrt ___________
fat and mineral content
An improved breed of cattle is: Leghorn Jersey Hisardale Mule
Jersey
Protina is a variety of which crop?
Maize
In virus-infected plants, the meristematic tissues in both apical and axillary buds are free of virus because ?
the cell division of meristems are faster than the rate of viral multiplication
What qualities would a sugarcane farmer look for in the crop?
Thick stems
Long internodes
High sugar content
Disease resistant
Which of the following products of agriculture is used in cosmetics and polishes?
Honey, Oil, Wax and/or Royal Jelly
Wax
