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Biology (NCERT) - Class XII > XII Chap 9 Enhancement of Food Production > Flashcards

XII Chap 9 Enhancement of Food Production Flashcards

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1
Q

______ of livestock population is in China and India, however contribution to world product is _____

A

70% population

25% contribution

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2
Q

Milk yield is primarily dependent on:

A

quality of breeds => high yielding potential and high resistance to diseases

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3
Q

What is a breed?

A

Group of animals related by descent, similar in most characters

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4
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a superior female and male cow/buffalo?

A

Superior female: more milk per lactation

Superior male: superior progeny

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6
Q

____________ increases homozygosity

A

Inbreeding

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7
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

When closely related animals are continuously bred and fertility and productivity reduces.

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8
Q

What is the solution to inbreeding depression?

A

Selected animals mated with unrelated superiors of SAME breed => fertility and yield is restored

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of out-breeding

A

Out-crossing (same breed, no common ancestors)
Cross-breeding (different breeds)
Interspecific hybridization (diff species)

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10
Q

What is outcrossing?

A

Within same breed, but no common ancestors up to 4-6 generations

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11
Q

___________ is the best breeding method for animals that are average in productivity

A

Out-crossing

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12
Q

A single outcross cannot overcome inbreeding depression. T or F?

A

False

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13
Q

What is cross-breeding?

A

Two different breeds combined

e.g. Hisardale is new breed of SHEEP in Punjab, cross of Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams

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14
Q

What is interspecific hybridisation?

A

Mating two different but related species

e.g. Mule

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15
Q

Mule is a cross of __________ and _________

A 
Male donkey (jack)
Female horse (mare)
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16
Q

Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using _______________

A

artificial insemination

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17
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

Semen collected from male and injected into reproductive tract of female;
semen can be used immediately or frozen

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18
Q

What is multiple ovulation embryo transfer?

A

Cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity,
produces 6-8 eggs instead of the usual 1 per cycle,
fertilized eggs at 8-32 cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate;
mother is available for another round of super ovulation

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19
Q

Crossing mature male and female animals has a high success rate because of artificial insemination. T or F?

A

False, has low success rate

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20
Q

Bee-keeping is aka __________

A

apiculture

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21
Q

Most common species of bees is __________

A

Apis indica

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22
Q

Bee-keeping is labour intensive. T or F?

A

False

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23
Q

What are the important points to keep in mind for bee-keeping?

A
  1. knowledge of nature and habits of bees
  2. suitable location for beehives
  3. catching and hiving of swarms
  4. management of hives during different seasons
  5. handling and collection of honey & beeswax
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24
Q 
Sort these fish into freshwater vs. marine:
Sardines
Catla
Pomfrets
Rohu
Mackerel
Hilsa
Common Carp
A 
Sardines - marine 
Catla - fresh water
Pomfrets - marine
Rohu - fresh water 
Mackerel - marine
Hilsa - marine
Common Carp - fresh water
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25
Q

Aquaculture vs pisciculture

A

Aquaculture - flora and fauna with commercial value

Pisciculture - fish & fish-related food products only

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26
Q

What is the Green Revolution?

A

Improvements in food production to increase yield during 1960s to meet national requirements (we had enough to eventually export as well!)
High yielding varieties of wheat and rice

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27
Q

What is plant breeding?

A

Purposeful manipulation of plant species => higher yield, disease resistent

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28
Q

What is classical plant breeding?

A

Crossing or hybridisation of pure lines, followed by artificial selection

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29
Q

Desirable characteristics promoted during plant breeding?

A
  1. Higher yield
  2. Improved quality
  3. More tolerance to environmental stresses
  4. Resistance to pathogens
  5. Increased tolerance to insect pests
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30
Q

What are the systematic steps of plant breeding worldwide?

A
  1. Collection of variability (germplasm collection)
  2. Evaluation and selection of parents (from germplasm)
  3. Cross hybridisation among selected parents
  4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants (self-pollination)
  5. Testing, release and commercialization (first in research fields, then commercial farm fields)
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31
Q

What is a germplasm collection?

A

All plants / seeds;
all the diverse alleles for all genes;
for a given crop

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32
Q

Cross-hybridization is a tedious and time-consuming process. T or F?

A

True

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33
Q

How many hybrids end up combining to show desirable characters in a cross?

A

1 in a few hundred to thousand

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34
Q

Once superior recombinants are selected they are ___________ for several generations until they achieve ____________

A

self-pollinated;

homozygosity (state of uniformity) - ensures characters will not separate in progeny

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35
Q

Testing hybrids in research fields is followed by testing in farmers’ fields for ______ (how long?) and _______ (where?)

A

at least 3 growing seasons;

in all the agroclimate zones where the crop is usually grown

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36
Q

What is the hybrid compared to during the final stages of testing?

A

The best available local crop cultivar

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37
Q

Agriculture accounts for _____ % of India’s GDP and ______ % of employment

A

33% - GDP

62% - employment

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38
Q

Wheat and rice production increased due to this development _____ by ______?

A

semi-dwarf varieties of wheat by Nobel Laureate Norman E Borlaug in Mexico @ International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement

semi-dwarf rice varieties developed from IR-8 (Intl Rice Research Insti, Philippines) and Taichung Native-1 (Taiwan)

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39
Q

What were the advanced high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in India called?

A

Sonalika and Kalyan Sona - wheat - 1963

Jaya and Ratna - rice

40
Q

_________ and _________ (sugarcane species) have been crossed. What qualities were being selected for

A

Saccharum barberi - north Indian - ability to grow in North areas
Saccharum officinarum - south Indian - thicker stems and high sugar

41
Q

Maize, jowar and bajra are this type of food ________ and hybrid varieties are resistant to _______

A

millets;

water stress

42
Q 
Name which organism causes these diseases:
Brown rust of wheat, 
Tobacco mosaic, 
Black rot of crucifers,  
Red rot of sugarcane,
Turnip mosaic,
Late blight of potato
Smut of bajra
A 
Brown rust of wheat - fungi 
Tobacco mosaic - virus
Black rot of crucifers - bacteria
Red rot of sugarcane - fungi
Turnip mosaic - virus
Late blight of potato - fungi
Smut of bajra - fungi
43
Q 
For each crop, name the hybrid variety and the disease/insect pest it is resistant to:
Okra (Bhindi)
Wheat
Brassica (rapeseed mustard)
Brassica
Cauliflower
Cowpea
Flat bean
Chili
A

Okra (Bhindi) - Pusa Sawant, Pusa A-4 || Shoot and fruit borer (insect pest)
Wheat - Hingiri || leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt
Brassica (rapeseed mustard) - Pusa Gaurav || Aphids (Insect pest)
Brassica - Pusa swarnim (Karan rai) || White rust
Cauliflower - Pusa Shubhra || Black rot and Curl + Pusa Snowball K-1 ||
blight black rot
Cowpea - Pusa Komal || Bacterial blight
Flat bean - Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3 || Jassids, aphids and fruit borer
Chili - Pusa Sadabahar || Chilly mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus and leaf curl

43
Q

What are the constraints on conventional breeding and what is an alternative?

A

Limited number of disease resistance genes present and identified; Alternative: inducing mutations

44
Q

What is mutation breeding?

A

Process by which genetic variations are created through changes in base sequence in genes using chemicals or radiations (e.g. gamma)

45
Q

Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from ___________

A

a wild species => new variety was called Parbhani kranti

46
Q

What are 2 sources of resistance genes?

A

In same crop species, bred for resistance OR

related wild species

47
Q

Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by _______________ between target and source plant, followed by _____________

A

sexual hybridization; selection

48
Q

Insect resistance can be due to ______, _____ or ______ characteristics of the plant

A

morphological,
biochemical,
physiological

49
Q

_______ leaves in plants are associated with resistance to inset pests. Examples?

A

Hairy

examples: Cotton resistance to jassids; wheat - cereal leaf beetle

50
Q

______ stems lead to non-preference by the _____ (pest) in wheat

A

Solid stems; stem sawfly

51
Q

_______ leaves and _____-less cotton varieties do not attract _______

A

Smooth-leaved, nectar-less, bollworms

52
Q

High ____ and low _____ in maize leads to resistance to ______

A

High aspartic acid,
low nitrogen and sugar content,
maize stem borers

53
Q

What is ‘hidden hunger’?

A

Nutritional deficiencies

54
Q

Essential micronutrients that may be deficient in our diets

A

iron, vitamin A, iodine and zinc

55
Q

What is biofortification?

A

Breeding crops with higher levels vitamins / minerals / proteins / healthy fats

56
Q

_______________ is the most practical means to improve public health

A

Biofortification

57
Q

Objectives of biofortification (what does it try to improve in the plant)

A
  1. Protein content and quality
  2. Oil content and quality
  3. Vitamin content
  4. Micronutrient and mineral content
58
Q

In 2000, maize hybrids were developed that had twice the amount of _____, _____ and _______

A

amino acids, lysine and trptophan

59
Q

_________ is a wheat variety with high protein content

A

Atlas 66

60
Q

Iron-fortified rice has over ____ times as much iron

A

5

61
Q

What is Single Cell Protein?

A

alternative source of protein for animal and humans; microbes, bacteria and fungi
blue-green algae (spirulina), Methylophilus methylotrophus (bacteria)

62
Q

______ is a SCP that has a high rate of biomass production and growth than can be expected to produce 25 tonnes of protein

A

Methulophilus Methulotrophus

63
Q

_________ is a SCP that can easily be grown on materials like waste water from potato processing, straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage

A

Spirulina

64
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

technology to grow whole plants from explants (part of a plant)
test tube - sterile conditions - special nutrient media
1950s

65
Q

_______ is the capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant

A

Totipotency

66
Q

Nutrient medium in tissue culture must provide _______

A 
carbon source (e.g. sucrose); 
inorganic salts
vitamins
amino acids
growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins, etc)
67
Q

_________ is the method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture

A

Micro-popagation

68
Q

In micropropagation, each plant will be genetically identical. T or F?

A

True

69
Q

Identical plants in micro-propagation are called _________

e.g.

A

Somaclones

e.g. tomato, banana, apple

70
Q

Tissue culture can be used to recover healthy plants from diseased plants by removing the ______ and growing it in vitro.
e.g.

A

Meristem (apical and axillary)

e.g. banana, sugarcane, potato

71
Q

What is somatic hybridisation?

A 
Isolated protoplasts ( from isolated single cells after digesting their cell walls) from 2 varieties are fused 
e.g. pomato (but commercially unviable)
72
Q

Management of animals for milk and its products for human consumption is called

A

Dairying

73
Q

Today, all our major food crops are derived from which of the following?
Domesticated varieties or GM varieties?

A

Domesticated varieties

74
Q

In mung bean, the resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were introduced by _________

A

mutations

75
Q

______ is the Indian scientist associated with the Green Revolution in India

A

M.S. Swaminathan

76
Q 
For which of the following animals has MOET not been demonsrated?
Sheep
Cattle
Rabbits
Dogs
A

Dogs

77
Q 
Which of the following is not pollinated by bees?
Sunflower
Brassica
Apple
Chili
A

Chili

78
Q

Plant breeding has been practised for thousands of years since the beginning of human civilization. T or F?

A

True

79
Q

Plant breeding dates back ____________ years ago

A

9000-11,000

80
Q

Present-day crops are a result of domestication in ancient times. T or F?

A

T

81
Q

__________ is the root of any breeding program

A

Genetic variability

82
Q

During the period 1960 to 2000, wheat production increased from _____ to _____

A

11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes

83
Q

During the period 1960 to 2000, rice production increased from _____ to _____

A

35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes

84
Q

Kalyan Sona has which added advantages?

A

High yielding and disease resistance

85
Q

More than ________ people worldwide do not have access to adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional requirements

A

840 million

86
Q

Three billion people suffer from micronutrient, protein, vitamin deficiencies or “hidden hunger” because they are not able to buy enough fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish and meat. T or F?

A

True

87
Q

Breeding methods for insect pest resistance involve the same steps as those for any other agronomic trait such as yield or quality. T or F?

A

True

88
Q

Hisardale is a new breed of sheep in Punjab developed by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams is an example of ?

A

Cross-breeding

89
Q

Milk-yielding capacity of buffaloes is ____ times more as compared to cows

A

three times

90
Q

Buffalo milk is superior to cow milk wrt ___________

A

fat and mineral content

91
Q 
An improved breed of cattle is:
Leghorn
Jersey
Hisardale
Mule
A

Jersey

92
Q

Protina is a variety of which crop?

A

Maize

93
Q

In virus-infected plants, the meristematic tissues in both apical and axillary buds are free of virus because ?

A

the cell division of meristems are faster than the rate of viral multiplication

94
Q

What qualities would a sugarcane farmer look for in the crop?

A

Thick stems
Long internodes
High sugar content
Disease resistant

95
Q

Which of the following products of agriculture is used in cosmetics and polishes?
Honey, Oil, Wax and/or Royal Jelly

A

Wax

Biology (NCERT) - Class XII (18 decks)

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