XII Chap 4 Reproductive Health Flashcards by Anamta Farook

What is reproductive health?

Total well-being
physical 
emotional 
behavioral
social

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India’s family planning programmes are currently under what header?

Reproductive and Child Health Care

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What is amniocentesis

Checking amniotic fluid of foetus, analyzing fetal cells to check for genetic disorders (Down’s syndrome, Sickle-cell, etc)

Can also tell gender

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_______ is a female oral contraceptive created by CDRI (Lucknow)

Saheli

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What are indicators of improved reproductive health?

Awareness (sex-related),
Better post-natal care
Decrease in maternal and infant mortality rates
More small families
Better detection and cure of STDs, 
More medical facilities

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What was the world population in 1990, 2000 and 2011?

2 billion
6 billion
7 billion

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What was the India’s population in 1990, 2000 and 2011?

350 million
1 billion
1.2 billion

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What has led to the increase in population in India and the world?

Lowered death rates, lower mortality rates for mother and infant

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What was India’s population growth rate in 2011?

20/1000/year

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What are the current marriageable ages in India?

18 for female

21 for male

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What are the qualities of an ideal contraceptive?

User-friendly
easily available
effective
reversible (little to no side effects)

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What are natural or traditional contraceptives?

Avoidance of the sperm and ovum meeting

Abstinence
Withdrawal/Coitus Interruptus
Lactational amenorrhea

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What is the fertile period in a woman’s menstrual cycle?

Day 10-17

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What is lactational amenorrhea?

When a woman doesn’t menstruate post-delivery for 6 months; can safely have sex without conception

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What are the barrier methods of contraceptives?

Condoms
Diaphragms
Cervical caps
Vaults

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There are male and female condoms. T or F?

True

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How do condoms work?

In men, cover the penis
In women, cover the vagina and cervix

In both cases ejaculated sperm cannot enter female reproductive tract

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Condoms do not prevent STDs and AIDs. True or False?

False, they do prevent

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What are the advantages of using condoms?

Easily available / cheap
Privacy to user
Disposable
Protect from STDs and AIDs

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Diaphragms and vaults are inserted into female reproductive tract. T or F?

True

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Diaphragms, cervical caps and faults are re-usable. T or F?

True

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What are the types of contraceptives?

Natural/traditional
Barrier methods
IUDs
Oral
Injectables
Implants
Surgical Methods

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What are IUDs and how do they work?

Devices made of copper and inserted into the uterus through the vagina;

reduce fertilizing capacity through increasing phagocytosis of sperm and decrease sperm motility

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What are the 3 types of IUDs?

non-medicated IUDs
Copper-releasing IUDs
Hormone-releasing IUDs

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``` Name which category of IUD this is: CuT Multiload 375 Lippes Loop Progestasert Cu7 LNG-20 ```

``` CuT - Copper-releasing Multiload 375 - Copper-releasing Lippes Loop - non-medicated Progestasert - Hormone-releasing Cu7 - Copper-releasing LNG-20 - Hormone-releasing ```

How do hormone-releasing IUDs work?

Make uterus unsuitable for implantation; | Make cervix hostile to sperms

________ is widely acceptable in India and used to delay pregnancy / space children

IUDs

What hormones do pills contain?

Progestogens or Progestogens + Estrogen combo

How do pills work?

Inhibit ovulation, implantation and alter cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperms

How often does one take contraceptive pills?

Daily for 21 days from start of cycle, pause for 7 days for menstruation and then continue again

What are the advantages of pills?

Very effective less side effects accepted by women

Injections or implants under skin are similar to pills but have a longer effect. T or F?

Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives. T or F?

True

__________ is a surgical method of contraception

Sterilization / Tubectomy / Vasectomy

What happens in a vasectomy?

Small part of the vas deferans is removed and tied up through an incision in the scrotum

What happens in a tubectomy?

Small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through an incision in the vagina or abdomen

How does sterilisation work?

Block gamete transport in male or female reproductive system

Sterilisation is reversible. T or F?

False, it's a terminal method

What are possible side effects of contraceptives?

1. Nausea 2. Abdominal pain 3. Breakthrough bleeding 4. Irregular menstrual bleeding 5. Breast cancer

What is an induced abortion called?

Medical Termination of Pregnancy

How many MTPs happen per year worldwide?

45-50 million (20% of pregnant women worldwide)

MTPs are legal in India since _______

1971

Under what conditions are MTPs legal?

If there is a risk to mother's life or physical/mental health If there is a risk to child e.g. abnormalities or handicap

MTPs are safe in the first trimester but more risky in 2nd. T or F?

True

What are examples of sexually transmitted diseases?

``` genital herpes hepatitis-B HIV/AIDs gonorrhea syphilis chlamydiasis genital warts trichomoniasis ```

What are 2 other names for sexually transmitted infections?

venereal diseases | reproductive tract infections

What are other ways that Hepatitis-B and HIV can be transmitted?

Injections Blood transfusions Mother to child

Which of the STDs is the most dangeours?

HIV/AIDS

Which of the STDs are not curable?

HIV/AIDs genital herpes hepatitis-B

What are early symptoms of STDs?

itching fluid discharge slight pain swelling

Why are STDs hard to diagnose and treat in timely manner?

Symptoms are easily missed or may be absent | Social stigma

What are the problems caused by STDs?

Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, cancer of reproductive tract

STDs are most common in this age group?

15-24 years

STD prevention?

1. Avoid sex with unwanted / unknown partners 2. Use condoms 3. If in doubt, early consultation and detection

What is infertility?

Inability to produce kids after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation

What could be the reasons for infertility?

``` physical, congenital, drugs, diseases, immunological psychological ```

In which sex is infertility more common?

Male

What is in vitro fertilization?

Ova from wife/donor and sperm from husband/donor are collected and fertilized outside the body => zygote => embryo => embryo transfer

What are the 2 types of embryo transfer?

With up to 8 blastomeres => ZIFT (zygote intra fallopian) | More than 8 => IUT (intra uterine)

What is in vivo fertilization?

fusion of gametes in the female => forms embryos

What is GIFT (gamete intra fallopian transfer)?

Ovum of donor into fallopian tube of female who cannot produce ovum but can provide environment for fertilization and development

What is Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection?

Sperm directly injected into ovum in the lab => develops into embryo

What is artificial insemination?

When male cannot inseminate female or has very low sperm count, sperm from husband/donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or the uterus (intra-uterine insemination)