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Biology (NCERT) - Class XII > XII Chap 4 Reproductive Health > Flashcards

XII Chap 4 Reproductive Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reproductive health?

A 
Total well-being
physical 
emotional 
behavioral
social
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2
Q

India’s family planning programmes are currently under what header?

A

Reproductive and Child Health Care

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3
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

Checking amniotic fluid of foetus, analyzing fetal cells to check for genetic disorders (Down’s syndrome, Sickle-cell, etc)

Can also tell gender

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4
Q

_______ is a female oral contraceptive created by CDRI (Lucknow)

A

Saheli

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5
Q

What are indicators of improved reproductive health?

A 
Awareness (sex-related),
Better post-natal care
Decrease in maternal and infant mortality rates
More small families
Better detection and cure of STDs, 
More medical facilities
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6
Q

What was the world population in 1990, 2000 and 2011?

A

2 billion
6 billion
7 billion

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7
Q

What was the India’s population in 1990, 2000 and 2011?

A

350 million
1 billion
1.2 billion

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8
Q

What has led to the increase in population in India and the world?

A

Lowered death rates, lower mortality rates for mother and infant

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9
Q

What was India’s population growth rate in 2011?

A

2%

20/1000/year

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10
Q

What are the current marriageable ages in India?

A

18 for female

21 for male

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11
Q

What are the qualities of an ideal contraceptive?

A

User-friendly
easily available
effective
reversible (little to no side effects)

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12
Q

What are natural or traditional contraceptives?

A

Avoidance of the sperm and ovum meeting

  1. Abstinence
  2. Withdrawal/Coitus Interruptus
  3. Lactational amenorrhea
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13
Q

What is the fertile period in a woman’s menstrual cycle?

A

Day 10-17

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14
Q

What is lactational amenorrhea?

A

When a woman doesn’t menstruate post-delivery for 6 months; can safely have sex without conception

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15
Q

What are the barrier methods of contraceptives?

A
  1. Condoms
  2. Diaphragms
  3. Cervical caps
  4. Vaults
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16
Q

There are male and female condoms. T or F?

A

True

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17
Q

How do condoms work?

A

In men, cover the penis
In women, cover the vagina and cervix

In both cases ejaculated sperm cannot enter female reproductive tract

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18
Q

Condoms do not prevent STDs and AIDs. True or False?

A

False, they do prevent

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19
Q

What are the advantages of using condoms?

A

Easily available / cheap
Privacy to user
Disposable
Protect from STDs and AIDs

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20
Q

Diaphragms and vaults are inserted into female reproductive tract. T or F?

A

True

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21
Q

Diaphragms, cervical caps and faults are re-usable. T or F?

A

True

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22
Q

What are the types of contraceptives?

A 
Natural/traditional
Barrier methods
IUDs
Oral
Injectables
Implants
Surgical Methods
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23
Q

What are IUDs and how do they work?

A

Devices made of copper and inserted into the uterus through the vagina;

reduce fertilizing capacity through increasing phagocytosis of sperm and decrease sperm motility

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of IUDs?

A

non-medicated IUDs
Copper-releasing IUDs
Hormone-releasing IUDs

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25
Q 
Name which category of IUD this is:
CuT
Multiload 375
Lippes Loop
Progestasert
Cu7
LNG-20
A 
CuT - Copper-releasing
Multiload 375 - Copper-releasing
Lippes Loop - non-medicated
Progestasert - Hormone-releasing
Cu7 - Copper-releasing
LNG-20 - Hormone-releasing
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26
Q

How do hormone-releasing IUDs work?

A

Make uterus unsuitable for implantation;

Make cervix hostile to sperms

27
Q

________ is widely acceptable in India and used to delay pregnancy / space children

A

IUDs

28
Q

What hormones do pills contain?

A

Progestogens or Progestogens + Estrogen combo

29
Q

How do pills work?

A

Inhibit ovulation, implantation and alter cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperms

30
Q

How often does one take contraceptive pills?

A

Daily for 21 days from start of cycle, pause for 7 days for menstruation and then continue again

31
Q

What are the advantages of pills?

A

Very effective
less side effects
accepted by women

32
Q

Injections or implants under skin are similar to pills but have a longer effect. T or F?

A

T

33
Q

Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives. T or F?

A

True

34
Q

__________ is a surgical method of contraception

A

Sterilization / Tubectomy / Vasectomy

35
Q

What happens in a vasectomy?

A

Small part of the vas deferans is removed and tied up through an incision in the scrotum

36
Q

What happens in a tubectomy?

A

Small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through an incision in the vagina or abdomen

37
Q

How does sterilisation work?

A

Block gamete transport in male or female reproductive system

38
Q

Sterilisation is reversible. T or F?

A

False, it’s a terminal method

39
Q

What are possible side effects of contraceptives?

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Breakthrough bleeding
  4. Irregular menstrual bleeding
  5. Breast cancer
40
Q

What is an induced abortion called?

A

Medical Termination of Pregnancy

41
Q

How many MTPs happen per year worldwide?

A

45-50 million (20% of pregnant women worldwide)

42
Q

MTPs are legal in India since _______

A

1971

43
Q

Under what conditions are MTPs legal?

A

If there is a risk to mother’s life or physical/mental health
If there is a risk to child e.g. abnormalities or handicap

44
Q

MTPs are safe in the first trimester but more risky in 2nd. T or F?

A

True

45
Q

What are examples of sexually transmitted diseases?

A 
genital herpes
hepatitis-B
HIV/AIDs
gonorrhea
syphilis
chlamydiasis
genital warts 
trichomoniasis
46
Q

What are 2 other names for sexually transmitted infections?

A

venereal diseases

reproductive tract infections

47
Q

What are other ways that Hepatitis-B and HIV can be transmitted?

A

Injections
Blood transfusions
Mother to child

48
Q

Which of the STDs is the most dangeours?

A

HIV/AIDS

49
Q

Which of the STDs are not curable?

A

HIV/AIDs
genital herpes
hepatitis-B

50
Q

What are early symptoms of STDs?

A

itching
fluid discharge
slight pain
swelling

51
Q

Why are STDs hard to diagnose and treat in timely manner?

A

Symptoms are easily missed or may be absent

Social stigma

52
Q

What are the problems caused by STDs?

A

Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, cancer of reproductive tract

53
Q

STDs are most common in this age group?

A

15-24 years

54
Q

STD prevention?

A
  1. Avoid sex with unwanted / unknown partners
  2. Use condoms
  3. If in doubt, early consultation and detection
55
Q

What is infertility?

A

Inability to produce kids after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation

56
Q

What could be the reasons for infertility?

A 
physical,
congenital, 
drugs, 
diseases, 
immunological
psychological
57
Q

In which sex is infertility more common?

A

Male

58
Q

What is in vitro fertilization?

A

Ova from wife/donor and sperm from husband/donor are collected and fertilized outside the body => zygote => embryo => embryo transfer

59
Q

What are the 2 types of embryo transfer?

A

With up to 8 blastomeres => ZIFT (zygote intra fallopian)

More than 8 => IUT (intra uterine)

60
Q

What is in vivo fertilization?

A

fusion of gametes in the female => forms embryos

61
Q

What is GIFT (gamete intra fallopian transfer)?

A

Ovum of donor into fallopian tube of female who cannot produce ovum but can provide environment for fertilization and development

62
Q

What is Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection?

A

Sperm directly injected into ovum in the lab => develops into embryo

63
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

When male cannot inseminate female or has very low sperm count, sperm from husband/donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or the uterus (intra-uterine insemination)

Biology (NCERT) - Class XII (18 decks)

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