XII Chap 4 Reproductive Health Flashcards
What is reproductive health?
Total well-being physical emotional behavioral social
India’s family planning programmes are currently under what header?
Reproductive and Child Health Care
What is amniocentesis
Checking amniotic fluid of foetus, analyzing fetal cells to check for genetic disorders (Down’s syndrome, Sickle-cell, etc)
Can also tell gender
_______ is a female oral contraceptive created by CDRI (Lucknow)
Saheli
What are indicators of improved reproductive health?
Awareness (sex-related), Better post-natal care Decrease in maternal and infant mortality rates More small families Better detection and cure of STDs, More medical facilities
What was the world population in 1990, 2000 and 2011?
2 billion
6 billion
7 billion
What was the India’s population in 1990, 2000 and 2011?
350 million
1 billion
1.2 billion
What has led to the increase in population in India and the world?
Lowered death rates, lower mortality rates for mother and infant
What was India’s population growth rate in 2011?
2%
20/1000/year
What are the current marriageable ages in India?
18 for female
21 for male
What are the qualities of an ideal contraceptive?
User-friendly
easily available
effective
reversible (little to no side effects)
What are natural or traditional contraceptives?
Avoidance of the sperm and ovum meeting
- Abstinence
- Withdrawal/Coitus Interruptus
- Lactational amenorrhea
What is the fertile period in a woman’s menstrual cycle?
Day 10-17
What is lactational amenorrhea?
When a woman doesn’t menstruate post-delivery for 6 months; can safely have sex without conception
What are the barrier methods of contraceptives?
- Condoms
- Diaphragms
- Cervical caps
- Vaults
There are male and female condoms. T or F?
True
How do condoms work?
In men, cover the penis
In women, cover the vagina and cervix
In both cases ejaculated sperm cannot enter female reproductive tract
Condoms do not prevent STDs and AIDs. True or False?
False, they do prevent
What are the advantages of using condoms?
Easily available / cheap
Privacy to user
Disposable
Protect from STDs and AIDs
Diaphragms and vaults are inserted into female reproductive tract. T or F?
True
Diaphragms, cervical caps and faults are re-usable. T or F?
True
What are the types of contraceptives?
Natural/traditional Barrier methods IUDs Oral Injectables Implants Surgical Methods
What are IUDs and how do they work?
Devices made of copper and inserted into the uterus through the vagina;
reduce fertilizing capacity through increasing phagocytosis of sperm and decrease sperm motility
What are the 3 types of IUDs?
non-medicated IUDs
Copper-releasing IUDs
Hormone-releasing IUDs
Name which category of IUD this is: CuT Multiload 375 Lippes Loop Progestasert Cu7 LNG-20
CuT - Copper-releasing Multiload 375 - Copper-releasing Lippes Loop - non-medicated Progestasert - Hormone-releasing Cu7 - Copper-releasing LNG-20 - Hormone-releasing
How do hormone-releasing IUDs work?
Make uterus unsuitable for implantation;
Make cervix hostile to sperms
________ is widely acceptable in India and used to delay pregnancy / space children
IUDs
What hormones do pills contain?
Progestogens or Progestogens + Estrogen combo
How do pills work?
Inhibit ovulation, implantation and alter cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperms
How often does one take contraceptive pills?
Daily for 21 days from start of cycle, pause for 7 days for menstruation and then continue again
What are the advantages of pills?
Very effective
less side effects
accepted by women
Injections or implants under skin are similar to pills but have a longer effect. T or F?
T
Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives. T or F?
True
__________ is a surgical method of contraception
Sterilization / Tubectomy / Vasectomy
What happens in a vasectomy?
Small part of the vas deferans is removed and tied up through an incision in the scrotum
What happens in a tubectomy?
Small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through an incision in the vagina or abdomen
How does sterilisation work?
Block gamete transport in male or female reproductive system
Sterilisation is reversible. T or F?
False, it’s a terminal method
What are possible side effects of contraceptives?
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
- Breakthrough bleeding
- Irregular menstrual bleeding
- Breast cancer
What is an induced abortion called?
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
How many MTPs happen per year worldwide?
45-50 million (20% of pregnant women worldwide)
MTPs are legal in India since _______
1971
Under what conditions are MTPs legal?
If there is a risk to mother’s life or physical/mental health
If there is a risk to child e.g. abnormalities or handicap
MTPs are safe in the first trimester but more risky in 2nd. T or F?
True
What are examples of sexually transmitted diseases?
genital herpes hepatitis-B HIV/AIDs gonorrhea syphilis chlamydiasis genital warts trichomoniasis
What are 2 other names for sexually transmitted infections?
venereal diseases
reproductive tract infections
What are other ways that Hepatitis-B and HIV can be transmitted?
Injections
Blood transfusions
Mother to child
Which of the STDs is the most dangeours?
HIV/AIDS
Which of the STDs are not curable?
HIV/AIDs
genital herpes
hepatitis-B
What are early symptoms of STDs?
itching
fluid discharge
slight pain
swelling
Why are STDs hard to diagnose and treat in timely manner?
Symptoms are easily missed or may be absent
Social stigma
What are the problems caused by STDs?
Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, cancer of reproductive tract
STDs are most common in this age group?
15-24 years
STD prevention?
- Avoid sex with unwanted / unknown partners
- Use condoms
- If in doubt, early consultation and detection
What is infertility?
Inability to produce kids after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation
What could be the reasons for infertility?
physical, congenital, drugs, diseases, immunological psychological
In which sex is infertility more common?
Male
What is in vitro fertilization?
Ova from wife/donor and sperm from husband/donor are collected and fertilized outside the body => zygote => embryo => embryo transfer
What are the 2 types of embryo transfer?
With up to 8 blastomeres => ZIFT (zygote intra fallopian)
More than 8 => IUT (intra uterine)
What is in vivo fertilization?
fusion of gametes in the female => forms embryos
What is GIFT (gamete intra fallopian transfer)?
Ovum of donor into fallopian tube of female who cannot produce ovum but can provide environment for fertilization and development
What is Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection?
Sperm directly injected into ovum in the lab => develops into embryo
What is artificial insemination?
When male cannot inseminate female or has very low sperm count, sperm from husband/donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or the uterus (intra-uterine insemination)
