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Biology (NCERT) - Class XII > XII Chap 3 Human Reproduction > Flashcards

XII Chap 3 Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 reproductive events in humans?

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Insemination
  3. Fertilisation
  4. Implantation
  5. Gestation
  6. Parturition
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2
Q

Both male and female reproductive systems are in the pelvic regions. T or F?

A

True

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3
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Testes (pair)
  2. Accessory Ducts
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. External genitalia
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4
Q

Scrotum?

A

Pouch outside abdominal cavity;
contains testes;
maintains low temperature to allow for spermatogenesis

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5
Q

What temperature does the scrotum maintain?

A

2-2.5° C lower than internal body temp

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6
Q

Shape + Dimensions of Testis?
Covering?
Compartments?

A

In adults - oval, 4-5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide
Has a dense covering
Has 250 compartments called testicular lobules

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7
Q

What are testicular lobules?

A

compartments inside the testis in which sperm are produced

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8
Q

How many testicular lobules in male body?

A

250 * 2 (since pair of testis)

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9
Q

How many testicular lobules in a testis?

A

250

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10
Q

Seminiferous tubules?

A

Inside a testicular lobule (3 per lobule) in which sperms are produced;
highly coiled structures

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in seminiferous tubules and their functions?

A
  1. Spermatogonia (male germ cell) - produce sperms by meiotic division
  2. Sertoli cell - provide nutrition to the germ cells
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12
Q

What are interstitial cells?

A

Regions outside seminiferous tubules;
contain small blood vessels;
secrete androgens

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13
Q

Interstitial cells are another name for Sertoli cells. True or False?

A

False. Leydig cells = Interstitial cells = outside seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells = nutrition for germ cell inside tubule

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14
Q

Name the male accessory ducts

A
  1. Rete testis
  2. Vasa efferentia
  3. Epididymis
  4. Vas deferans
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15
Q

Describe the path a sperm would take through the male reproductive system

A

Produced in seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> vasa efferentia -> epididymis -> vas deferans, which ascends over abdomen loops over urinary bladder -> duct from seminal vesicle -> ejaculatory duct in urethra

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16
Q

Where does the urethra originate from and terminate in males?

A

Urinary bladder, extends through penis, terminates in external opening (urethral meatus)

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17
Q

What is the external male genitalia called?

A

Penis

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18
Q

What is the penis made up of?

A

Special tissue for erection and insemination

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19
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

Enlarged end of the penis

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20
Q

Foreskin?

A

Covering on glans penis

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21
Q

Name the male accessory glands

A
  1. Paired seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate
  3. Paired Bulbourentral glands
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22
Q

What role do the male accessory glands play?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourenthral secrete “seminal plasma” which contain fructose, calcium and enzymes

Bulbourenthral gland also helps lubricate penis

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23
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

A
  1. Pair of ovaries
  2. Pair of oviducts
  3. Uterus
  4. Vagina
  5. Cervix
  6. External genitalia
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24
Q

What are ovaries?

A 
Primary female sex organ;
produce ovum (gamete) and steroid (ovarian) hormones;
one on each side of lower abdomen
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25
Q

Describe the morphological attributes of ovaries

A

2-4 cm in length;
connected to pelvic wall and uterus via ligaments;
thin epithelium covering that encloses ovarian stroma (binding connective tissue)

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26
Q

What are the 2 zones in the ovarian stroma?

A

Peripheral cortex

Inner medulla

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27
Q

What’s another name for fallopian tube?

A

Oviducts

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28
Q

Fallopian tubes are usually _________ in length

A

10-12 cm

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29
Q

Fallopian tube extends from the ______ to the ______

A

Periphery of EACH ovary to the uterus

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30
Q

3 parts of the oviduct?

A
  1. Infundibulum - closer to the ovary, funnel-shaped
  2. Ampulla - wider part
  3. Isthmus - narrow lumen, joins uterus
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31
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Finger-like projections;
At edges of the infundibulum;
Responsible for ovum collection at end of ovulation

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32
Q

Another name for uterus

A

Womb

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33
Q

Uterus is always single. T or F?

A

True

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34
Q

What are perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium?

A

3 layers of tissue in the uterine wall

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35
Q

Uterus is attached via ligaments to the ________

A

pelvic wall

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36
Q

Shape of uterus?

A

Inverted pear

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37
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

Thin, membranous, external

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38
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Thick, smooth, middle;

responsible for contractions during delivery

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39
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Glandular, inner (lines the uterine cavity);

cyclical changes in menstrual cycle

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40
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina

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41
Q

The cavity in the cervix is called the birth canal. T or F?

A

False, it’s called the cervical canal.

Birth canal includes vagina.

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42
Q

Birth canal?

A

Cervical canal + vagina

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43
Q

What are the female genitalia?

A
  1. Mons pubis
  2. Labia majora
  3. Labia minora
  4. Hymen
  5. Clitoris
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44
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Fatty tissue with skin and pubic hair

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45
Q

Differentiate between labia majora and minora

A

Majora - fleshy folds of tissue, extending from mons pubis down to and surrounding the vaginal opening
Minora - paired folds of tissue under the majora

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46
Q

What is the hymen?

A

membrane partially covering the vaginal opening, may or may not be torn in first coitus

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47
Q

What is coitus?

A

Sexual intercourse

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48
Q

Clitoris?

A

Tiny, finger-like structure at upper junction of the 2 labia minora, above urethral opening

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49
Q

Only some female mammals have mammary glands. T or F?

A

False, all do

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50
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A

Paired structures (breasts) that contain glandular tissue and fat

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51
Q

All females have the same amount of fat in their mammary glands. T or F?

A

False, variable amounts

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52
Q

__________ is divided into mammary lobes. How many?

A

Glandular tissue of each breast;

15-20 mammary lobes

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53
Q

How many mammary lobes in each female mammal?

A

30-40 (two breasts)

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54
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Clusters of cells that make up mammary lobes;

secrete milk stored in their cavities (lumens)

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55
Q

How does milk travel in the mammary gland?

A

Lumens (cavities) of alveoli –> mammary tubules ==> mammary ducts ==> mammary ampulla –> a lactiferous duct –> milk is sucked out

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56
Q

Female reproductive system + mammary glands are separate in structure and function. T or F?

A

False, they are integrated

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57
Q

What processes do the female reproductive system and mammary glands together support?

A 
Ovulation; 
Fertilisation; 
Pregnancy;
Birth;
Childcare
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58
Q

In humans, male gamete is _______ and female gamete is ________

A

sperm;

ovum

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59
Q

What is the process of gamete production in humans called?

A

Gametogenesis

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60
Q

Primary male sex organ is ________;

primary female sex organ is _________

A

Testes;
Ovaries

primary because they produce the gametes

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61
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

Immature male germ cells in testis produce sperms

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62
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

Puberty

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63
Q

Explain the process of spermatogenesis in detail

A

Increase in GnRH (hypothalmic hormone);
acts at pituitary gland;
stimulates secretion of LH and FSH;
LH => Leydig cells => androgens => spermatogenesis

spermatogonia (immature germ cells) => mitosis => increase in number => primary spermatocytes (2n) => meiosis I => two secondary spermatocytes (n) => meiosis II => 4 spermatids (n) => spermatozoa (sperms)

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64
Q

What is another name for the spermatogonia?

A

male germ cell

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65
Q

What is the role of LH and FSH in men?

A

LH - luteinising hormone - Leydig cells - androgens - spermatogenesis

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone - Sertoli cells - secretions - spermiogenesis

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66
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Process by which spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperms)

67
Q

Where are sperms stored after spermatogenesis and how are they released?

A

Sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells => released by spermiation

68
Q 
What are the ploidy of the following? 
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
A 
Spermatogonia - 2n
Primary spermatocytes - 2n
Secondary spermatocytes - n
Spermatids - n
Spermatozoa - n
69
Q

Name the 4 main parts of the sperm

A

Head, neck, middle & tail

70
Q

Sperm head has a plasma membrane that covers it. T or F?

A

False, plasma membrane envelopes the entire sperm body, not just head

71
Q

Describe the head of the sperm

A

Nucleus - elongated, haploid

Acrosome - cap-like cover for anterior portion of nucleus, enzymes to fertilize ovum

72
Q

Describe the middle of the sperm

A

Middle - contains mitochondria that provide energy for movement of tail (motility)

73
Q

How many sperms are ejaculated during coitus?

A

200-300 million

74
Q

What are the characteristics of sperm in a normal, fertile man?

A

60% of sperms are of normal shape & size

40% show vigorous mobility

75
Q

Sperms are released from _________ and transported by ____________

A

seminiferous tubules;

accessory ducts

76
Q

Secretions of epididymus, vas deferans, seminal vesicle & prostrate help in ______ and ______ of sperms

A

maturation and motility

77
Q

What is semen?

A

Seminal plasma + sperms

78
Q

Functions of the male sex accessory ducts and glands are maintained by ________

A

androgens (testicular hormones)

79
Q

What is the formation of female gametes called?

80
Q

When does oogenesis and spermatogenesis begin?

A

Oogenesis - in embryo (fetal stage)

Spermatogenesis - at puberty

81
Q

What is oogonia?

A

Gamete mother cells formed in the fetal ovary

82
Q

How many oogonia does a female have?

A

Couple million formed in fetal ovary; no more formed/added after birth

83
Q

Explain the process of oogenesis in detail

A

Initiated in embryonic stage;
couple million oogonia formed in fetal ovary => prophase-I of meiotic % and temporary arrest => primary oocytes;
Each primary oocyte gets granulosa cell layer => primary follicle => one more layer + new theca => secondary follicle => one more layer => tertiary follicle => mature/Graafian follicle
Primary oocyte grows => meiosis => secondary oocyte + first polar body
Secondary oocyte gets “zona pellucida” membrane

Graafian follicle ruptures, releasing secondary oocyte (ovum)

84
Q

Oogonia until a female hits puberty. True or False?

A

False; stop after birth

85
Q

Primary oocytes degenerate from birth onwards, so that there are ________ in each ovary by puberty

86
Q

Tertiary follicle has a special feature?

A

Fluid-filled cavity called antrum

87
Q

How is the theca layer in the tertiary follicle organized?

A

outer theca externa

inner theca interna

88
Q

Secondary oocyte retains which key feature of the primary oocyte?

A

Nutrient rich cytoplasm

89
Q

Does the first polar body born out of first meiotic division divide further or degenerate?

A

We don’t know at present

90
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The new membrane of the secondary oocyte that’s formed before it gets expelled from the Graafian follicle; sperm induces changes in this membrane when entering so no other sperm can fertilize the same ovum

91
Q

What becomes the ovum?

Primary oocyte
Primary follicle
Secondary oocyte
Secondary follicle
First polar body
Graafian follicle
A

Secondary oocyte

92
Q

What is menstruation?

A

Reproductive cycle in female primates if ovum is not fertilised; repeated every 28/29 days

93
Q

When does the menstrual cycle cease?

A

If egg is fertilized or menopause

94
Q

What is the first menstrual cycle called?

95
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle in detail

A
  1. Menses - endometrium breakdown - 3-5 days
  2. Follicular phase - primary to Graafian follicle - endometrium proliferates - LH, FSH and estrogen increase
  3. Ovulatory phase - LH surge => Graafian follicle ruptures => release of ovum;
  4. Luteal phase - corpus luteum => if no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates => no more progesterone => disintegration of endometrium => new cycle
96
Q

What are the alternate names for follicular phase? luteal phase?

A 
follicular = proliferative phase
luteal = secretory
97
Q

What is LH surge?

A

LH and FSH at peak on day 14

98
Q

Name the 2 ovarian hormones

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

99
Q

Name the 2 pituitary hormones

100
Q

How many ovums released per menstrual cycle?

101
Q

Changes in what hormones induce changes in ovary and uterus in menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen, Progesterone, FSH and LH

102
Q

LH and FSH are __________

A

gonadotropins

103
Q

What is the term for when the endometrium regenerates?

A

Proliferation

104
Q

What causes blood flow in the menstrual phase?

A

Breakdown of endometrium and its blood vessels

105
Q

What are all the phases in menstrual cycle?

A

Menses / Menstrual phase
Follicular / Proliferative phase
Ovulation / Ovulatory phase
Luteal / Secretory phase

106
Q

Define corpus luteum

A

Remains of the Graafian follicle after it ruptures, source of progesterone

107
Q

LH and FSH stimulate ____ which stimulates _____

A

follicular development which stimulates estrogen secretion

108
Q

Ovulation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle. True or False?

109
Q

Menopause in humans occurs at age _____

110
Q

What is fertilization and where does it take place?

A

Fusion of sperm with ovum; ampullary region

111
Q

What is insemination?

A

When semen is released from the penis and into the vagina

112
Q

What is the trajectory of the sperm in the female reprod system?

A

Swim through the cervix -> uterus -> ampullary region where fertilization occurs

113
Q

Why does not all coitus lead to pregnancy?

A

Fertilisation can only happen if sperm and ovum are transported to the ampullary simultaneously

114
Q

Describe in detail what occurs during fertilization?

A

Coitus => insemination (semen released from penis to vagina) => sperms swim through cervix to uterus to ampullary region

Sperm enters the zona pellucida layer of the ovum -> changes the membrane to block other sperm
Acrosome secretion helps the sperm enter
Sperm -> plasma membrane -> cytoplasm
Secondary oocyte -> meitotic division -> haploid ovum (ootid) and second polar body

Ootid + sperm fuse to produce a diploid zygote

115
Q

What is an ootid?

A

Haploid ovum after secondary oocyte undergoes meitotic division

116
Q

Chromosomes in male and female

A

XX - female

XY - male

117
Q

50% of sperms carry X chromosome and 50% carry Y chromosome => there’s always a 50% chance in a pregnancy that the child is a girl or a boy. True or False?

118
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Mitotic division as zygote moves through isthmus & oviduct towards uterus;
2 -> 4 -> 6 -> 8 daughter cells formed

119
Q

The daughter cells formed by the zygote during cleavage are called _________

A

blastomeres

120
Q

Define blastomeres, morula and blastocysts

A

Daughter cells (2-16) are called blastomeres
Morula: embryo with 8-16 blastomeres
Blastocysts: After morula divides sufficiently (has outer and inner layer, trophoblast + inner cell mass)

121
Q

What are the components of a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast - outer layer - gets attached to endometrium

Inner cell mass –> differentiates as embryo

122
Q

How does implantation occur?

A

Trophoblast layer gets attached to endometrium;
Inner cell mass differentiates into embryo;
After attachment, uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst => blastocyst gets embedded => implantation

123
Q

What happens after implantation?

A

Chorionic villi (on trophoblast) and uterine becoming interdigitated to form placenta

124
Q

What is placenta

A

structural and functional unit between embryo and maternal body connecting them by umbilical cord;
supplies oxygen, nutrients;
removes CO2 and waste

125
Q

What are chorionic villi

A

finger-like projections on trophoblast,

appear after implantation - at which time surrounded by uterine tissue and maternal blood

126
Q

Placenta releases hormones => acts as ___________ tissue

127
Q

Hormones produced by placenta?

A

hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
hPL (human placental lactogen)
estrogens
progestogens

128
Q

What hormones are released during pregnancy?

A 
hCG
hPL
estrogens
progestogens 
relaxin
cortisol
thyroxine
prolactin
129
Q

hCG and hPL are produced only during menstruation and pregnancy. True or False?

A

False, only during pregnancy

130
Q

Relaxin is produced only during early pregnancy. True or False

A

False, only in later stages of pregnancy

131
Q

How does embryo differentiate after implantation?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm first

Later mesoderm comes in the middle of those two

132
Q

What produces all the tissues (organs) in adults?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

133
Q

Inner cell in embryo contains _____ cells that produce all tissues and organs

134
Q

Key features of 1 month of pregnancy?

A

Heart forms

135
Q

Key features of 2 months of pregnancy?

A

limbs and digits form

136
Q

Key features of 1st trimester of pregnancy?

A

most organ systems formed;

limbs, external genitals formed

137
Q

Key features of 5 months of pregnancy?

A

first movements; hair on head

138
Q

Key features of 2nd trimester of pregnancy?

A

fine hair on body, eyelids separate, eye lashes form

139
Q

What is common name for gestation period?

140
Q

What is scientific name for delivery?

A

Parturition

141
Q

What is parturition?

A

Expulsion of baby through birth canal

142
Q

How is parturition induced?

A

Complex neuroendocrine mechanism involving cortisol, estrogen and oxytocin

Starts with foetal ejection reflux (mild contractions);
Contractions and oxytocin increase each other until baby expelled

143
Q

What is foetal ejection reflux?

A

Mild uterine contractions at beginning of parturition

144
Q

What is expelled first? Placenta or baby?

A

Baby, then placenta

145
Q

Mammary glands differentiate after pregnancy to produce milk. T or F?

A

F, differentiate during pregnancy

146
Q

What is lactation?

A

Production of milk by mammary glands

147
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Milk of the initial day; high in antibodies to build resistance in newborn baby

148
Q 
Differentiate between
spermatogonia
spermatogonium
spermatogenesis
spermiogensis
spermatozoa
sperm
spermatid
spermatocytes
spermiation
A

spermatogonia - male germ cells
spermatogonium - singular, one male germ cell
spermatogenesis - process by which sperms are produced
spermiogenesis - process by which spermatids become sperms
spermatozoa - sperms
sperms - male gamete
spermatid - step before sperm, formed by secondary spermatocytes
spermatocytes - some of the spermatogonia that undergo meiosis
spermiation - when sperm heads are released from Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

149
Q

Which are parts of male/female reproductive organs that come in pairs?

A

testes / ovaries
seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
oviducts (aka fallopian tubes)
mammary glands

150
Q

Primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division within:

primary follicle - secondary follicle - tertiary follicle - Graafian follicle

A

tertiary follicle

151
Q

Structure of a testis of mammal can be identified by the presence of:
spermatogonia - spermatocytes - Sertoli cells - spermatids

A

Sertoli cells

152
Q

Graafian follicle secretes which hormone:

cortisone - relaxin - progesterone - none of the above

A

progesterone

153
Q

How many sperms are produced by a secondary spermatocyte?

A

2

each secondary spermatocyte produces 2 => 4 in total

154
Q

Hormones for the menstrual cycle are produced by ______

A

ovary and anterior pituitary

155
Q 
What is the correct hormonal sequence in the case of menstruation?
estrogen > FSH > progesterone
estrogen > progesterone > FSH
FSH > progesterone > estrogen
FSH > estrogen > progesterone
A

FSH > estrogen > progesterone

156
Q

Epididymis is located in the _____ of the testis:

a) anterior surface
b) lateral surface
c) posterior surface
d) anterolateral surface

A

posterior surface

157
Q

Which of these is correct? Ovary is not

a) covered by thick epithelium to enclose stroma
b) having stroma with outer part cortex and inner medulla
c) 2-4 cm in length
d) secreting several steroidal hormones

A

a) covered by thick epithelium to enclose stroma

- it’s covered by a THIN epithelium that encloses stroma

158
Q

Clitoris is located at

a. upper junction of two labia minora
b. upper junction of two labia majora
c. below the urethral opening
d. more than one option is correct

A

a. upper junction of two labia minora

159
Q

Mammary lobe does not have:

a. alveoli
b. lumens
c. mammary tubules
d. lactiferous duct

A

d. lactiferous duct

160
Q

Secretions of _______ seminal vesicle and prostate are essential for maturation and motility of sperm

a. epididymis
b. vas deferans
c. both
c. none

161
Q

Widest peak during standard menstrual cycle is observed for:

FSH - LH - estrogen - progesterone

A

progesterone

162
Q

Sex of the baby is determined at:

insemination - zygote formation - implantation - gestation

A

zygote formation

163
Q

Parturition is induced by:

neural mechanism - endocrine mechanism - both of above - local mechanism

A

both of above

164
Q

Oxytocin acts on:

foetus - placenta - uterine muscles - more than one option

A

uterine muscles

Biology (NCERT) - Class XII (18 decks)

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