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Biology (NCERT) - Class XII > XII Chap 1 Reproduction of Living Organisms > Flashcards

XII Chap 1 Reproduction of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q 
Life span of the following: 
tortoise
crocodile
butterfly
crow
parrot
A 
tortoise - 100-150 years
crocodile - 60 years
butterfly - 1-2 weeks
crow - 15 years
parrot - 140 years
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2
Q 
Life span of the following: 
elephant
dog
banana tree
horse
banyan tree
A 
elephant - 60 to 90 years
dog - 20 to 30 years
banana tree - 25 years
horse - 20-25 years
banyan tree - 200-500 years
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3
Q 
Life span of the following: 
rose
fruitfly
rice plant
cow
A

rose - 5-7 years
fruitfly - 30 days
rice plant - 3-4 months
cow - 20-25 years

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4
Q

Single-celled organisms die a natural death. True or False?

A

False

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5
Q

Define reproduction

A

biological process;
organism produces offspring;
continuity of species

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6
Q

What is sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?

A

sexual: 2 parents (opposite sex), infusion of male & female gametes
asexual: single parent, with OR without gametogenesis

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7
Q

In asexual reproduction, offsprings are clones of each other but not of their parents. True or False

A

False; clones of parents as well, morphologically and genetically

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction is common in ___________________

A

unicellular organisms and simple plants and animals (i.e. some invertebrates)

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9
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur in Protists and Monerans?

A

Cell division by mitosis

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10
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur in fungi and simple plants?

A

Special microscopic motile structures e.g. zoospores

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11
Q

Define binary fission. How is budding different?

A

BF - Cell divides into 2 halves; budding - unequal division, small buds that separate and grow

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12
Q

How do amoeba reproduce?

A

Asexually by binary fission; but when unfavorable conditions then withdraws pseudopodia and secrets 3-layered cyst (encystation), when favorable conditions return, then Amoeba divides by fission => pseudopodiospores => cyst wall bursts => spores liberated (sporulation)

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13
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

Asexually by budding

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14
Q

How does paramecium reproduce?

A

Asexually by binary fission

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15
Q

What is encystation?

A

When amoeba secretes 3-layered cyst to envelope and protect itself during unfavorable conditions

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16
Q

What are pseudopodiospores?

A

many minute amoeba produced during multiple fission (asexual reproduction)

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17
Q

What are zoospores?

A

microscopic
motile structures
in asexual reproduction
of fungi and some small plants / animals

most common structure

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18
Q

What are some of the special asexual reproductive structures created by members of Fungi and simple plants?

A

Zoospores (most common), conidia, gemmules, buds

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19
Q

What special reproductive structure is used by Penicillium?

A

conidia

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20
Q

What special reproductive structure is used by Chlamydomonas?

A

zoospores

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21
Q

What special reproductive structure is used by Hydra?

A

buds

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22
Q

What special reproductive structure is used by sponges?

A

gemmules

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23
Q

In animals (or other simple organisms) the term asexual is used when describing reproduction, in plants the term is _________

A

vegetative reproduction

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24
Q

What is asexual reproduction in plants called? What are the various propagules?

A

Vegetative propagation

Runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb

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25
Q

What do tomato, sunflower, tulip, mustard and daffodil have in common ?

A

They are all bisexual plants

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26
Q

Define fragmentation?

A

Asexual reproduction
body breaks into different segments
each fragment grows into an adult
e.g. Hydra

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27
Q

Which plant is known as the “Terror of Bengal”?

A

water hyacinth

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28
Q

What does asexual reproduction look like on potato?

A

Buds emerge from the “eyes” (node) of the modified stem

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29
Q

What does asexual reproduction look like on Bryophyllum?

A

adventitious buds on leaves aka leaf buds

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30
Q

What vegetative propagules are used in water hyacinth?

A

offset

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31
Q

What vegetative propagules are used in ginger and banana?

A

rhizome

adventitious roots for ginger

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32
Q

What vegetative propagules are used in Agave?

A

Bulbil

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33
Q

Organisms with simple organisation are commonly sexual but before the onset of adverse conditions they turn to asexual reproduction. True or False?

A

False; the other way around

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34
Q

Higher plants only reproduce sexually. True or False?

A

False, asexually and sexually

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35
Q

Most animals reproduce only sexually. T or F?

A

True

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36
Q

Sexual reproduction consists of 3 events

A

Pre-fertilization, fertilization, post-fertilization

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37
Q

A single individual can reproduce sexually. True or False?

A

True if can produce male and female gametes

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38
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Non-identical offspring;
more complex and slower process than asexual reproduction
involves fusion/fertilization of M & F gametes; formation of zygote; embryogenesis

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39
Q

Animals can reproduce during the juvenile phase. T or F?

A

False, only after

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40
Q

Juvenile phase is called the ______ phase in plants

A

vegetative

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41
Q

_______ shows that higher plants have come into their reproductive phase

A

Flowering

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42
Q

Mature phase is aka as ________ phase

A

senescent

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43
Q

______ plants have clear reproductive phases;

______ plants reproduce year-long, its hard to identify distinct phases

A

Annual & biennial => clear phases;

Perennial => hard to identify

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44
Q

Some flowering plants reproductive phases are seasonal, some flower year-long and some after X number of years or even only once in their lifetime. True or False?

A

True

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45
Q

What plant flowers only once in their lifetime?

A

Bamboo (after 50-100 years)

46
Q

Which plant flowers once in 12 years?

A

Strobilanthus Kunthiana (neelakuranji)

47
Q

In animals, ______ changes occur after the juvenile phase and before the active reproductive phase

A

morphological and physiological

48
Q

Birds in nature lay eggs seasonally. True or False?

A

True

49
Q

Define oestrus and menstrual cycles. What is the difference between the two?

A

Cyclical changes in ovaries, accessory ducts and hormones - female mammals - can be seasonal or continuous

Oestrus - non-primate
Menstrual - primate

50
Q

Order the phases correctly:

Birth
Death
Reproductive
Senescence
Vegetative

What’s responsible for the changes between these phases?

A

Birth -> Vegetative -> Reproductive -> Senescence -> Death

Hormones

51
Q

Hormones are responsible for the changes between reproductive and non-reproductive phases in both plants and animals. T or F?

A

True

52
Q

What are the 2 pre-fertilization events?

A

Gametogenesis and Gamete transfer

53
Q

Define gametogenesis

A

formation of 2 gametes, which are always haploid cells

54
Q

Differentiate between isogametes and heterogametes

A

Isogametes = aka homogametes, so similar you cannot distinguish between them (e.g. some algae)

Hetero = morphologically distinct gametest e.g. humans, most organisms

55
Q

What are the male and female gametes?

A

Male - antherozoid / sperm

Female = ovum / egg

56
Q

What type of gametes (iso/hetero) do these organisms have:
Cladophora (alga)
Fucus (alga)
Homo sapiens

A

Cladophora (alga) - isogametes
Fucus (alga) - heterogametes
Homo sapiens - heterogametes

57
Q

Chara is a monoecious or dioecious plant?

A

Monoecious

58
Q

Marchantia is a monoecious or dioecious plant?

A

Dioecious

59
Q

Sweet potato is a bisexual or unisexual plant?

A

Bisexual

60
Q

What is a hermaphrodite? What are 3 other words associated with it?

A

An organism that has both male and female reproductive structure in the same body

Other words - bisexual, monoecious, homothallic

61
Q

What is a unisexual plant/animal?

A

male and female reproductive parts in DIFFERENT plants/animals - need 2 different individuals for sexual reproduction

62
Q

What 2 words are used to denote the bisexual nature of plants / fungi? unisexual?

A

Bisexual - homothallic and monoecious

Unisexual - heterothallic and dioecious

63
Q

What are the male and female flowers called?

A

Staminate (contains stamens)

Pistillate (contains pistils)

64
Q 
Categorize the following into monoecious and dioecious:
Papaya
Cucurbits
Coconuts
Date palm
A

Papaya - dioecious
Date palm - dioecious
Cucurbits - monoecious
Coconuts - monoecious

65
Q

Sponge, tapeworm, leech and earthworms are all unisexual animals. True or False?

A

False, bisexual / hermaphrodites

66
Q

Cockroaches, like humans, are unisexual animals. T or F?

A

True

67
Q

Gametes are always diploid, but parents may be haploid or diploid. T or F?

A

False, always haploid

parents bit is correct

68
Q

Haploid parents produce diploid gametes,
Diploid parents product haploid gametes.

T or F?

A

False, either always produces haploid gametes

69
Q

Haploid parents undergoes _______ kind of cell division to produce gametes

A

Mitotic

70
Q

Diploid parents undergoes _______ kind of cell division to produce gametes

A

Meiosis

71
Q

Which organisms have diploid parents?

A

Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and most animals

72
Q

Which organisms have haploid parents?

A

Kingdom Monera, Fungi, Algae and Bryophytes

73
Q

Organisms of Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and most animals have _____ parents. Haploid or Diploid?

A

Diploid

74
Q

What are meiocytes and where are they found?

A

Specialized gamete mother cells in diploid organisms

When they undergo meiosis -> one set of chromosomes in each gamete

75
Q

What is the relationship b/w the # of chromosomes in meiocytes and gametes?

A 
meiocytes = 2n
gametes = n
76
Q

Male gametes and female gametes are both motile in all higher order organisms like animals. T or F?

A

False, only in few fungi and algae

Otherwise, male - motile, female - stationary

77
Q

Water is a medium of gamete transfer in what kinds of organisms?

A

Simple plants - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes

78
Q

Male gametes need a _____ to move through.

Examples?

A

Medium

algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes - water

79
Q

Number of female gametes are 1000 times that of male gametes since female gametes are weak and may die. True or False.

A

False - reverse, to make up for loss in transfer

80
Q

Pollen grains carry male gametes produced in _______ and deposit them on the ______

A

anther;

stigma

81
Q

Unisexual plants are self-fertilising. True or False?

A

False; bisexual are self-fertilizing;

unisexual plants transfer gametes through pollination

82
Q

Peas a bisexual or unisexual?

A

Bisexual

83
Q

What is pollination?

A

Facilitation of transfer of pollen grains;

way for unisexual/dioecious plants to reproduce

84
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Fusion of gametes (syngamy) to produce a diploid zygote

85
Q

What happens after pollen grain is transferred to stigma?

A

Pollen grain land and germinate on stigma, pollen tubes grow down the style carrying male gametes to ovule and discharge the gamete near the egg;

86
Q

Define syngamy

A

fusion of gametes resulting in diploid zygote

87
Q

Define pathenogenesis with examples

A

Female gamete forms new organism without fertilization

e.g. rotifer, honeybee, lizard and turkey (bird)

88
Q

External vs internal fertilization

A

External - syngamy outside female body (often in water);
mostly in aquatic organisms (algae, fishes, amphibians);
great synchrony between sexes;
large # of male gametes released
large # of offspring, many of which don’t survive due to predators

Internal - inside (mostly female) body;
terrestrial organisms (fungi, reptiles, birds, mammals, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gynosperms, angiosperms);
male gamete is motile to reach egg (except seed plant);
large # of male gamete but fewer number of eggs

89
Q

What are the post fertilization events?

A

Embryogenesis

90
Q

Formation of diploid zygote is universal in all sexually producing organisms. T or F?

A

True

91
Q

Describe zygote development in fungi and algae

A

Thick wall resistant to desiccation or damage;

period of rest before germination

92
Q

What happens post zygote formation in organisms with haplontic life cycle?

A

Zygote divides by meiosis -> haploid spores -> grow into haploid individuals

93
Q

Zygote begins as a single cell organism. T or F?

A

True

94
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

Zygote -> embryo

Cell division by mitosis (=> increase in number of cells) and cell differentiation takes place

95
Q

Oviparous vs Viviparous

A

Ovi - external development; eggs of birds and reptiles; hard calcareous egg shell; laid in safe place in environment; incubated and hatched

Viviparous - internal development; most mammals; greater chance of survival than ovi

96
Q

On what basis is the differentiation done between oviparous and viviparous?

A

Where zygote development (embryogenesis) takes place - externally or internally

97
Q

Describe embryogenesis in flowering plants

A

Zygote inside ovule;
sepals, petals, stamens fall off but pistil is still attached;
Zygote -> embryo;
Ovules -> seed;
Ovary -> fruit with pericarp (thick protective wall);
seeds are dispersed which germinate in new places into new plants

98
Q

_______ and ______ are the most common asexual structures in several algae and fungi

A

Zoospores and conidia

99
Q

_______ and ______ are the most common asexual structures in lower animals

A

Budding and gemmules

100
Q

Prokaryotes and unicellular organisms reproduce how?

A

asexually by cell division or binary fission

101
Q

Post-fertilization events include:

A

formation of zygote and embryogenesis

102
Q

Sexuality is varied in angiosperms due to _____

A

production of diverse types of flowers

103
Q

Transfer of male gametes in unisexual organisms happens by _______

A

copulation or simultaneous release

104
Q

_______ is the progenitor of the next generation

A

Embryo

105
Q

Cucurbit is a monoecious plant that has ________ (bisexual or unisexual) flowers?

A

unisexual; staminate flowers - bright yellow;

106
Q

The most critical event in sexual reproduction?

Gametogenesis - gamete transfer - fertilization - embryogenesis

A

Fertilization

107
Q

Rotifers are ?

A

animals capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis

108
Q

flowers are unisexual in:

pea - cucumber - china rose - onion

A

cucumber

109
Q

In vegetative propagation, when _____ comes in contact with damp soil or water, they produce roots and new plants
shoot - node - axial shoot - roots

A

Node

because vegetative propagation!!

110
Q

Parthenogenesis is development of an organism directly from:
female gametes - vegetative cells - fertilized ovum - none of the above

A

female gametes (rotifers, honeybees, lizards and turkey)

111
Q

Organisms in which both male and female gametes are motile

algae - fungi - fish - algae & fungi

A

algae & fungi

Biology (NCERT) - Class XII (18 decks)

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