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Biology (NCERT) - Class XII > XII Chap 7 Evolution > Flashcards

XII Chap 7 Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

How old are each of these?

  • Universe
  • Earth
  • Life on Earth
  • First cellular life on Earth
A

Universe - 20 billion years
Earth - 4.5 billion years
Life on Earth - 4 billion years
First cellular life on Earth - 2000 million (2 billion) years

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2
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A

universe expanded, temperature came down;
H and He formed and condensed under gravitation to form galaxies;
in the milky way, earth formed - no atmosphere present, only water vapour, methan, CO2 and NH3 (ammonia) released from molten mass;
H & O separate from water vapour, H escapes and O2 combines with ammonia and methane to form water, CO2 and more;
ozone forms;
water vapour condenses to rain and then to oceans

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3
Q

What were the theories (other than big bang) about the origin of life?

A
  1. Panspermia - spores (units of life) transferred to different planets
  2. Spontaneous generation - from decaying/rotting matter - Louis Pasteur disproved, life can only come from pre-existing life
  3. Chemical evolution - formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic matter, preceded biological evolution
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4
Q

What does “biogenesis” mean?

A

Start of life on earth (4 billion years ago)

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5
Q

How did Miller’s experiment recreate pre-life conditions on earth?

A

Closed flask; CH4, H3, NH3, water vapour at 800° C

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6
Q

The present day theory of evolution emerged in _______

A

19th century

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7
Q

What was the name of Charles Darwin’s ship?

A

HMS Beagle

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8
Q

Who is the person who also supported Darwin in his theory and made similar journeys, observations and collected artefacts?o

A

Alfred Wallace

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9
Q

What are evidences for evolution?

A

Fossils

Sediments

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10
Q

What is the embryonical support for evolution? Is it still upheld?

A

Ernst Heckel => embryos have gill slits

Disproved by Karl Ersnt von Baer => we don’t have organs of any other species

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11
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Same structures develop in different directions because of different needs;
points to common ancestry

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12
Q

The similar structures shared by creatures in divergent evolution are ____________

A

homologous

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13
Q

What is an example of divergent evolution in mammals?

A

Humans, cheetah, whales and bats - similar bone patterns in forelimbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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14
Q

The vertebrae hearts and brains are examples of this kind of evolution.

A

Homologous and divergent

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15
Q

Thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita are an example of this type of evolution.

A

Homologous and divergent

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16
Q

The wings of butterfly and birds are example of this type of evolution

A

Convergent and analogous

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17
Q

The eye of octopus and mammals are example of this type of evolution

A

Convergent and analogous

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18
Q

The flippers of dolphins and penguins are example of this type of evolution

A

Convergent and analogous

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19
Q

Sweet potato and potato are example of this type of evolution

A

Convergent and analogous

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20
Q

Sweet potato is a _____ modification and potato is a _____ modification

A

root; stem

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21
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

different structures (analogous) but they serve the same function due to similar habitat

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22
Q

Similarities in proteins and genes in organisms points to ________

A

common ancestry

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23
Q

No variant is completely wiped out in course of evolution. T or F?

A

True

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24
Q

When organisms evolve due to building resistance against drugs like antibiotics, it’s called evolution by _________

A

anthropogenic action

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25
Q

What are Darwin’s Finches?

A

Small, black birds;
Galapagos Islands;
originally seed-eating;
some evolved to insectivorous and vegetarian

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26
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Evolution of different species in a geographical areas starting from 1 point and radiating to other habitats

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27
Q

Darwin’s finches and Australian marsupials are examples of adaptive radiation. T or F?

A

True

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28
Q

Australian Marsupial and placental mammals show ________ type of evolution

A

convergent

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29
Q

When there’s more than one adaptive radiation in an isolated geographical area with different habitats, one can call this _______ type of evolution

A

convergent evolution

30
Q

The rate of appearance of new forms are unrelated to the lifecyles / life spans of species. T or F?

A

False, they are directly related; longer the life span, longer the time to see variation

31
Q

Adaptive ability is the same as “fitness”. T or F?

A

False;

adaptive ability is inherited / genetic, fitness is the end RESULT of ability to adapt

32
Q

Lamarck a French naturalist suggest which theory that is now no longer upheld?

A

Evolution happens because of the use / disuse of organs

33
Q

Evolution is a process in the story of ________

Evolution is an end-result in the story of ________

A

world;

life on earth (natural selection is the process, evolution is the result of that process)

34
Q

Darwin was possibly influenced by ________’s work on populations

A

Thomas Malthus

35
Q

In theory, populations can grow exponentially if everyone reproduces maximally;
______________ limits population size in reality

A

Competition for resources

36
Q

What was the novelty in Darwin’s theory - given there were already theories that had similar positions?

A

Heritable variations lead survivors to reproduce and leave more progeny

37
Q

What were the differences in the work of Darwin and deVries?

A

Darwin - evolution is due to minor heritable variations; gradual, directed
deVries - evolution is due to large differences arising suddenly; random and directionless

38
Q

deVries believed mutations cause speciation and hence called it _______

A

saltation - single step large mutation

39
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

Allele frequency in a population is stable and constant from generation to generation; all of the frequencies add up to 1

40
Q

What is genetic equilibrium?

A

Hardy-Weinberg principle

41
Q

How does one calculate the frequency of allele AA?

A

If frequency of A is p, frequency of AA is p^2

42
Q

How does one calculate the frequency of allele Aa?

A

Freq of A is p, Freq of a is q

=> 2pq

43
Q

The HW principle can be illustrated through the expansion of which binomial?

A

(p+q)^2 = 1

44
Q

When frequency measured differs from expected value indicates a _________

A

evolutionary change (due to change of frequency of alleles in population)

45
Q

What are the factors that affect the HW equilibrium?

A
  1. Gene migration/flow
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Mutation
  4. Genetic recombination
  5. Natural selection
46
Q

Differentiate genetic migration and flow

A

Migration - section of population migrates to new place

Flow - multiple migrations continuously

47
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Migration by chance

48
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

So much change in allele frequency that the new population is different species altogother

49
Q

The new population are called the founders in a founder effect. T or F?

A

False, original population are called the founders

50
Q

National selection can lead to 3 types of changes:

A

Stabilization - more individuals acquire the mean character value
Directional change - more individuals acquire a value other than the mean character
Disruption - more individuals acquire peripheral character values at both ends of the distribution

51
Q 
What happened at these different points in the history of evolution?
2000 million years ago - 
500 mya
350 mya
320 mya
250 mya 
65 mya 
15 mya
A

2000 million years ago - first cellular life
500 mya - invertebrates
350 mya - jawless fish / fish with strong stout/fins could move on land and water (evolved into amphibians => reptiles => dinosaurs OR back to water)
320 mya - sea weed / plants
250 mya - reptiles moving back to water
65 mya - dinosaurs extinct
15 mya - primates - Dyopithecus and Ramapithecus

52
Q 
What happened at these different points in the history of evolution?
3-4 mya
1.5 mya
100,000-40,000 ya
75-10,000 ya
18,000 ya
10,000 ya
A 
3-4 mya - man-like primates, Australopithecines, Homo habilis
1.5 mya - Homo erectus
100,000-40,000 ya - Neanderthal
75-10,000 ya - Modern Homo sapien
18,000 ya - pre-historic cave art
10,000 ya - agriculture
53
Q

Dinosaurs were essentially “land reptiles”. T or F?

A

True

54
Q

The T-Rex was _____ feet tall

A

20

55
Q

Alongside dinosaurs, smaller reptiles still existed. T or F?

A

True

56
Q

The first mammals were ________

A

shrews, vivaparous and highly intelligent in avoiding danger

57
Q

When reptiles declined mammals took over. T or F?

A

True

58
Q

Mammals exist only on land, not in water. T or F?

A

False

water-only mammals: whales, dolphins, seals, sea cows

59
Q

Dryopithecus was ____-like and Ramapithecus was ____-like but both walked like chimps/gorillas

A

ape;

man

60
Q

Characteristics of Australopithecines?

A

Eastern Africa,
<4 ft.
walked upright,
hunted with stone weapons, but mostly ate fruit

61
Q

__________ was the first human-like being

A

Homo habilis

62
Q

Size of the brains of homo habilis, Neanderthal and homoerectus

A

Homo habilis = 650-800cc
Homo erectus = 900cc
Neanderthal = 1400 cc

63
Q

Characteristics of Homo habilis?

A

First human-like being,
650-800cc,
no meat

64
Q

Characteristics of Homo erectus

A

900cc,

probably ate meat

65
Q

Characteristics of neanderthals

A

east and central Asia,
1400cc,
protected body with hides;
buried their dead

66
Q

Origin of life can only be understood with origin of universe/earth. T or F?

A

True

67
Q

First cellular life preceded chemical evolution. T or F?

A

False

68
Q

Variations in populations lead to variable _______

A

fitness

69
Q

Habitat fragmentation and genetic drift lead to _________

A

new species / evolution

70
Q

Homology (common origin) is accounted for by the idea of _____________

A

Branching descent (species having variations that link them to a common ancestor)

71
Q

What are the evidences of evolution?

A
  1. Study of comparative anatomy
  2. Fossils
  3. Comparative biochemistry
72
Q

The most fascinating aspects of the evolution of humans involve evolution of _____ and ___________

A

brain and language

Biology (NCERT) - Class XII (18 decks)

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