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Theory of Radiographic Practice > X-ray Tube And X-ray Production > Flashcards

X-ray Tube And X-ray Production Flashcards

1
Q

What are x-rays?

A

They’re a type of short wave length, high energy, that can penetrate matter.

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2
Q

What type of wavelength do x-rays have?

A

Short wave lengths

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3
Q

What can x-rays do to human cells?

A

They can damage them

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4
Q

What are the non-ionising radiations?
(4)

A

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared radiation
Visible light

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5
Q

What are the ionising radiations?
(3)

A

Visible light
UV light
Gamma rays

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6
Q

What does the ALARP principle stand for?

A

As
Low
As
Reasonably
Possible

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7
Q

What does the ALARP principle say?
(4)

A

We should weigh the risk vs benefit of the x-ray to the patient

We should get things right the first time

Optimise the radiation dose

Learn the essentials for each body part

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8
Q

What does the ALARP principle say in relation to repeating x-rays?

A

It says that we should try to get the image right the first time, but if the first image doesn’t show what needs to be shown, then a repeat is justified

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9
Q

What does there need to be the right amount of in order to produce an x-ray?
(2)

A

X-rays
Energy

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10
Q

What does kVp stand for?

A

Kilovoltage peak

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11
Q

What does mAs stand for?

A

Milliampereseconds

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12
Q

What is the kVp?

A

The energy of the beam

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13
Q

What is the mAs?

A

The amount of x-ray photons

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14
Q

What’s a good way of remembering what kVp is?

A

KVp is how hard you throw your beans

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15
Q

What’s a good way of remembering what mAs means?

A

MAs is how many beans are in your hand

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16
Q

What are the features of kVp?
(2)

A

Larger energy (kVp) is needed for larger body parts

It affects the contrast on the image

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17
Q

What are the features of the mAs?
(3)

A

It shows the current flowing from the cathode to the anode

It shows the duration of the patient’s exposure to the beams

It affects the density of the image

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18
Q

What does kVp and MAs both affect?
(2)

A

Radiation dose

Quality of image

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19
Q

Which direction does the current flow through in the anode and cathode?

A

The current flows from the cathode to the anode

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20
Q

What is the potential difference?

A

Negative towards positive charge
(-) (+)

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21
Q

What does the contrast of the image mean?

A

How many beams have penetrated through the the patient’s body to produce the image

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22
Q

How does the image look like if it has a high contrast?

A

Very black and white- over saturated

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23
Q

How does the image look like if it has a low contrast?

A

Very grey- very difficult to see any details

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24
Q

How does it look like if the image has an optimum contrast?

A

Perfect saturation- the beams have penetrated through

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25
Q

What is the density of the image about?

A

The amount of x-rays that penetrate the body

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26
Q

What does it mean if an x-ray image is white?

A

The object that shows up as white has stopped the x-ray from penetrating, e.g. metal

27
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Energy being lost due to interactions in its path (the absorption of x-rays)

28
Q

What does having a high attenuation mean?

A

Lots of x-rays are absorbed, so less energy is lost

29
Q

What does having a low attenuation mean?

A

A small amount of x-rays are absorbed, so more energy is lost

30
Q

What are examples of materials that have high attenuation?
(2)

A

Metal
Bones

31
Q

What are examples of materials that have low attenuation?
(2)

A

Air
Lungs

32
Q

What does SID stand for?

A

Source
Image
Distance

33
Q

What does SID mean?

A

It means how far away the x-ray tube is from the detector

34
Q

What is SID also known as?

A

FFD (film focus distance)

35
Q

What does FFD stand for?

A

Film
Focus
Distance

36
Q

What is the SID for most skeletal imaging?

A

100-110cm

37
Q

What is the SID for a chest x-ray?

A

180cm

38
Q

Why is the SID 100-110cm for most skeletal imaging?

A

It makes sure that the x-ray tube is far enough away that there’s no radiation burns caused on the patient

39
Q

Why does the body part need to be next to the detector?

A

To prevent unsharpness, unclear and pixilated images

40
Q

What does SOD stand for?

A

Source
Object
Distance

41
Q

What does SOD mean?

A

It means the distance of the body part to the detector

42
Q

What does a small SOD cause?

A

An unsharp image

43
Q

What 2 pieces of equipment are used for imaging larger body parts?

A

Grids

Bucky mechanism

44
Q

Where are grids and Bucky mechanisms put?

A

Between the patient and the detector

45
Q

What do grids and the Bucky mechanism do?

A

They capture any scattered x-rays and electrons before they get to the detector, and then they produce an image from that

46
Q

What are the advantages of grids and Bucky mechanisms?
(2)

A

They reduce scatter

They improve image quality

47
Q

What is the disadvantage of grids and Bucky mechanisms?

A

They use higher doses of radiation

48
Q

Between grids and Bucky mechanisms, which is stationary and which moves inside the table?

A

Grids are stationary

The Bucky moves inside the table or upright stand

49
Q

What does AEC stand for?

A

Automatic
Exposure
Chambers

50
Q

Where is the AEC located?

A

Between the patient and detector

51
Q

What does the AEC do?

A

It works out what the exposure factors should be at a given kVp.. This causes the radiation to cut off once the detector has received a certain density and radiation level

52
Q

What type of body parts are AEC used on?

A

Larger body parts

53
Q

What are the sizes of a small detector?

A

24cm-30cm

54
Q

What are the sizes of a big detector?

A

35cm x 43cm

55
Q

What are the sizes for a square detector?

A

43cm x 43cm

56
Q

What does LBD stand for?

A

Light
Beam
Diaphragm

57
Q

What is the LBD?

A

It’s where the middle of the x-ray beam is aimed, so it’s the field of view that we’re exposing the patient to

58
Q

What is collimation?

A

The size of the field we’re irradiating (giving radiation to), so it limits the area we’’re giving radiation to

59
Q

What are the advantages of collimation?
(3)

A

It reduces the dose of radiation given to the patient

It improves the image quality

It reduces scatter

60
Q

What does it mean if we use collimation on a smaller body part?

A

A lower dose of radiation is used, and a better quality image is produced

61
Q

What do anatomical side markers do?

A

They indicate the left or right side of the patient

62
Q

Why are anatomical side markers important?

A

Images can be flipped, so it makes sure that the correct side of the body has been imaged, e.g. ensure that the right wrist is imaged- not the left one by mistake

63
Q

What are the type of anatomical side markers we can have?

A

Lead

Pb

64
Q

Why is lead good in anatomical side markers?

A

Lead stops x-rays from coming through- it’s good protection

Theory of Radiographic Practice (10 decks)

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