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Theory of Radiographic Practice > Hand X-rays > Flashcards

Hand X-rays Flashcards

1
Q

What are sesamoids?

A

Where tendons and ligaments embed in the hand

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2
Q

What do sesamoids do?

A

They help with friction

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3
Q

What is the anatomy of the hand?
(4)

A

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Carpals

Sesamoids

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4
Q

What are the features of the carpal bones?
(4)

A

They’re wrist bones

They’re made up of 8 irregular shaped bones

They’re organised in 2 rows- proximal and distal

They’re included in the hand x-ray to ensure that we can see the metacarpals (since the carpals are below the metacarpals)

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5
Q

What are the features of the metacarpals?
(2)

A

They articulate with the carpal bones proximally

They articulate with the phalanges distally

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6
Q

What is the feature of the head of the metacarpals?

A

The head is rounded at the distal end

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7
Q

What are the features of the shaft of the metacarpals?
(2)

A

They’re long

The medial and lateral surfaces are concave

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8
Q

What are the features of the base of the metacarpals?
(2)

A

The base is flat at the proximal end

The styloid process is on the 3rd metacarpal

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9
Q

When are hand x-ray projections done?

A

For fractures

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10
Q

What are the 3 hand x-ray projections we can do?

A

Dorsi palmar (DP)

Oblique

Lateral

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11
Q

What does the DP hand projection look like?
(2)

A

The hand is flat, fingers extended

It’s the back of the hand to the palm

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12
Q

What does the oblique projection of the hand look like?
(2)

A

The thumb faces up (externally rotated to 45 degrees)

The fingers are extended

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13
Q

Why is the oblique hand projection important?

A

It opens up the metacarpals bones

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14
Q

What does the lateral projection of a hand look like?
(2)

A

The hand is rotated 90 degrees (the hand is on its side)

The thumb points up, away from the metacarpals

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15
Q

Why is the lateral projection of the hand important?

A

It allows us to see fractures of the metacarpals

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16
Q

What is the SID of a hand DP/oblique/lateral?

A

100/110cm

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17
Q

Is a grid/bucky used on a hand DP/oblique/lateral?

A

No

18
Q

What is the detector size and orientation of a hand DP/oblique/lateral?

A

24cm x 30cm

Portrait

19
Q

What is the centering point of a hand DP/lateral?
(2)

A

Perpendicular to detector

The 3rd metacarpal head is in the middle of the x-ray beam

20
Q

What is the centering point for a hand oblique?

A

The 5th metacarpal head is in the middle of the x-ray beam

21
Q

What is the collimation of a hand DP/oblique/lateral?

A

Top of fingers to wrist

22
Q

What is the focal spot for a hand DP/oblique/lateral?
Why?

A

Less than 1.3mm

Because it’s a small body part being imaged

23
Q

What do we always mean when we say exposure factors?
(2)

A

kV

mAs

24
Q

What are the exposure factors of a hand DP/oblique/lateral?

A

60 kV

2 mAs

25
Q

Fill this in:

A
26
Q

What hand projection is this?

A

DP

27
Q

What hand projection is this?

A

Oblique

28
Q

Whenever we do a hand x-ray, what 2 projections do we always do?

A

DP

Oblique

29
Q

What are the 2 joints in the fingers?

A

Interphalangeal joints (joints between phalanges)

Metacarpal phalangeal joints (joints between metacarpals and phalanges)

30
Q

What is DP also known as?

A

PA

31
Q

Why is DP positioning important for finger x-rays?

A

It demonstrates the phalanges and associated joint spaces

32
Q

Why is lateral positioning important for finger x-rays?

A

It’s good for revealing dislocations and volar plate avulsions

33
Q

What are the projections used in finger x-rays?
(2)

A

DP/PA

Lateral

34
Q

Why are oblique projections not used for finger x-rays?

A

Because we only have 1 set of bones

35
Q

How do we position the fingers when doing lateral projections?

A

The affected finger is put closest to the detector

36
Q

What are volar plate avulsions?

A

When a bit of the bone gets ripped away (usually sporting injury)

37
Q

Fill this in:

A
38
Q

Why has the exposure of DP and lateral finger x-rays been reduced?

A

Because of the collimation

39
Q

What are the 2 types of projections for a thumb x-ray?

A

AP

Lateral

40
Q

Why is an AP projection used on the thumb?

A

To get the thumb close to the detector

41
Q

What do we do if we can’t do an AP projection on the thumb?

A

Use a PA projection

42
Q

Fill this in:

A

Theory of Radiographic Practice (10 decks)

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