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JR SX > Written Exam - Ruminant Anesthesia > Flashcards

Written Exam - Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what are signalment-related concerns for anesthesia in goats?

A

extremely old or young, obesity, & poor BCS

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2
Q

what is the most common cardiac abnormality in sheep/goats?

A

ventricular septal defect

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3
Q

what is representative of healthy baseline bloodwork of a ruminant prior to anesthesia?

A

PCV - 22-36%, TP: 6.0-7.5 g/dL

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4
Q

what are the baseline vital parameters for ruminants?

A

temp: 101.5-103.5

hr: 70-80 bpm

rr: 12-24 bpm

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5
Q

what are the big 5 concerns for animals going under anesthesia? (5 H’s)

A
  1. hypotension
  2. hypoxemia
  3. hypoventilation
  4. hypothermia/hyperthermia
  5. +/- hypoglycemia
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6
Q

in order of most sensitive to anesthetic drugs to least, list the species affected

A

goats > cattle > sheep > llamas > alpacas > horses

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7
Q

what drug is linked with causing macrophage-associated pulmonary edema in sheep?

A

alpha 2 agonists

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8
Q

why must caution be used when anesthetizing ruminants with alpha-2s?

A

alpha-2s cause cardiovascular/pulmonary dysfunction

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9
Q

what animals are most sensitive to alpha-2s?

A

goats

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10
Q

what is the maximum total bolus dose of lidocaine in kids?

A

7mg/kg

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11
Q

what dose range of lidocaine do we see seizure activity?

A

10mg/kg

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12
Q

what species are very sensitive to lidocaine?

A

goats

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13
Q

what is the order of clinical signs seen in lidocaine toxicity?

A

GI > neuro > cardiac

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14
Q

why do we need to fast ruminants prior to anesthesia?

A

most will regurgitate/salivate - fast 12-18 hours prior

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15
Q

how should ruminant heads be positioned in surgery?

A

nose needs to be lower than the larynx - properly inflated ETT tube & partially deflate it to extubate

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16
Q

what are your treatment options for ruminant gi bloating during surgery?

A
  1. change position
  2. pass orogastric tube
  3. trocharize with a large bore needle
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17
Q

why is ruminant gi bloating an emergency during surgery? what clinical signs may be seen?

A

can lead to severe hypoxemia

may see hypoventilation, hypercapnia, & decreased CV return to the heart

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18
Q

what is the best positioning for ruminants during surgery?

A

sternal is best - left lateral is second best

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19
Q

what is the best way to monitor ventilation during surgery?

A

capnography

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20
Q

what is a normal capnograph measurement for goats under anesthesia?

A

35-45 mmHg

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21
Q

what things can cause respiratory depression in goats under anesthesia?

A

anesthetic drugs, inhalants, and PaCO2

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22
Q

if you see a shark fin wave on capnograph, what do you think is happening?

A

obstruction or bronchospasm

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23
Q

T/F: respiration can be affected by positioning of the animal

A

true - animals in dorsal recumbency have a harder time

24
Q

what is hypoxemia?

A

PaO2 < 60mmHg & SpO2 < 90%

25
Q

what is the gold standard for monitoring hypoxemia?

A

arterial blood gas - use median artery or auricular artery

26
Q

what does pulse oximetry measue?

A

saturated hemoglobin

27
Q

what are the 5 types of hypoxemia?

A
  1. hypoventilation - typical problem
  2. V/Q mismatch
  3. diffusion impairment
  4. shunt
  5. low FiO2
28
Q

what are the 4 types of hypoxia?

A
  1. hypoxemia
  2. anemia
  3. stagnant
  4. histotoxic
29
Q

what are the average measurements of blood pressure in ruminants under anesthesia?

A

SAP: 90-130 mmHg
MAP: 70-110 mmHg
DAP: 60-90 mmHg

30
Q

what is the absolute cut-off of blood pressure in goats for MAP?

A

65 mmHg

31
Q

what are the 4 general causes of hypotension?

A
  1. hypovolemia
  2. lack of contractility
  3. vasodilation
  4. arrhythmia
32
Q

what do you do if you have a hypotensive animal due to hypovolemia?

A

fluid bolus

33
Q

what do you do if you have a hypotensive animal due to a lack of contractility?

A

give a positive inotrope

34
Q

what do you do if you have a hypotensive animal due to vasodilation?

A

give epinephrine

35
Q

what do you do if you have a hypotensive animal due to arrhythmias?

A

anti-arrhythmic medications

36
Q

what happens if you give too much fluid to a hypotensive animal that wasn’t hypovolemic?

A

increased risk of pulmonary/peripheral edema & hemodilution (electrolyte abnormalities & reduced oncotic pressure)

37
Q

what does a fluid bolus test help with?

A

determines if your animal is hypotensive due to hypovolemia - if pressure increases transiently, animal likely needs volume

if on positive pressure ventilation - may see improvement in plethysmograph waveform (SpO2 wave)

38
Q

what are some procedure-related considerations for ruminants undergoing anesthesia?

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. pain
  3. positioning - neuropraxia, rhabdomyolysis
39
Q

what is the blood volume of a goat?

A

~8% of body weight - 80ml/kg

40
Q

what is the transfusion trigger?

A

will vary from animal to animal - consider at 15-20% blood loss in a healthy animal

41
Q

what are some signs of pain in an animal under anesthesia?

A

tachycardia, bucking the ventilator, tachypnea, increased blood pressure, & emergence/movement

42
Q

where along the nociceptive pathway can anti-nociception be provided?

A
  1. brain - opioids & alpha 2s
  2. dorsal horn - local anesthetics, opioids, & alpha 2s
  3. peripheral nerves - local anesthetics
  4. peripheral nociceptors - local anesthetics & anti-inflammatory drugs
43
Q

what is infiltration in regards to a local block?

A

subcutaneous injection of small volumes of local anesthetics into tissues - diffusion into surrounding tissues anesthetizing nerve fibers & endings

44
Q

what nerves are blocked in a proximal paravertebral nerve block?

A

T13, L1, & L2

45
Q

what are the advantages of a proximal paravertebral block?

A

small dose required

wide & uniform area of analgesia & muscle relaxation

absence of local anesthetic at surgical site

46
Q

what are the disadvantages of a proximal paravertebral block?

A

scoliosis of the spine - causes difficulty when closing

landmarks are harder to find in obese/heavily muscled animals

requires more skill

potential for epidural administration

major vessels pose a risk

47
Q

what are the advantages of a distal paravertebral block?

A

lack of scoliosis

easier to perform

more consistent results

minimal ataxia

48
Q

what are the disadvantages of a distal paravertebral block?

A

larger doses required

variations in efficiency due to variations in anatomy

49
Q

what landmarks are used for a distal paravertebral block?

A

L1, L2, & L4 - blocking T13, L1, L2, & L3 spinal nerves

50
Q

what are the landmarks used for a lumbosacral epidural?

A

dorsal spinous process of L6 in ruminants or L7 in dogs/cats & S1 medial crest

51
Q

what are the landmarks for a sacrococcygeal epidural?

A

either at S5-Co1 or Co1-Co2 - tail is elevated to identify where the tail hinges

52
Q

T/F: an intratesticular block doesn’t block the scrotum

A

true

53
Q

what 5 things should be considered when positioning an animal for surgery?

A
  1. myopathy
  2. neuropathy
  3. regurgitation
  4. excessive bloat
  5. trauma to the eye
54
Q

what is the MAC for sheep & goats?

A

sheep: 1.58%

goats: 1.2-1.5%

55
Q

what are the disadvantages when trying to assess depth in ruminants under anesthesia?

A

their eye position is unreliable

they lose the palpebral reflex very early on in anesthesia

should retain corneal at all times - other reflexes intact

JR SX (17 decks)

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