Wounds And Fracture Management In The Ruminant

Question 1

Name the 3 stages of wound healing

Answer 1

1. Inflammation
2. Proliferation
3. Maturation/Remodeling

Question 2

The inflammation phase of wound healing has a vascular phase with ___ to phagocytize bacteria and release proteases and a debridement phase characterized by __ to phagocytize necrotic tissue and release proteases

Answer 2

The inflammation phase of wound healing has a vascular phase with polymorphonuclear leukocytes to phagocytize bacteria and release proteases and a debridement phase characterized by macrophages to phagocytize necrotic tissue and release proteases

Question 3

The proliferation phase of would healing is characterized by ___ that makes the extracellular matrix and collagen leading to ___

Answer 3

The proliferation phase of would healing is characterized by fibroblasts that makes the extracellular matrix and collagen leading to granulation tissue

Question 4

In the maturation/remodeling phases __ remodels for months but the scar has decreased __,__ and __

Answer 4

In the maturation/remodeling phases collagen remodels for months but the scar has decreased Strength, vacularity and cellularity

Question 5

For pain control in patients with extensive wounds, __ is a good choice for systemic pain control and __ anesthesia is best

Answer 5

For pain control in patients with extensive wounds, butorphanol is a good choice for systemic pain control and regional anesthesia is best

Question 6

T/F: you should use surgical scrub to clean a wound

Answer 6

F! Surgical scrub is used for intact skin, you should use a mild neutral soap and water

Question 7

Describe the perfect fluid for lavage

Answer 7

Isotonic, warm (110-120F) and under pressure (8psi). then in the last liter you can add 25 mls of chlorohexidine

Question 8

primary closure of a wound in FA means closing the muscle and fascia with __and the skin with __

Answer 8

primary closure of a wound in FA means closing the muscle and fascia with chromic gut and the skin with non absorbable monofilament (polyamid or braunamid)

Question 9

__ and __ are two types of tension relieving sutures that help prevent __,__, __ and __

Answer 9

Near, far, far, near and mattress are two types of tension relieving sutures that help prevent pressure necrosis ,suture failure , circulation inhibition and wound healing inhibition

Question 10

Horizontal mattres sutures interfere __ with peripheral healing capillaries than vertical mattresses

Answer 10

Horizontal mattres sutures interfere more with peripheral healing capillaries than vertical mattresses

Question 11

Dead space can be eliminated by suturing all __ while drains may be helpful for eliminating fluid but aren’t commonly used in FA

Answer 11

Dead space can be eliminated by suturing all tissue planes while drains may be helpful for eliminating fluid but aren’t commonly used in FA

Question 12

Delayed primary closure is sutured __ granulation tissue after several days of ___ while secondary closure is sutures after ___

Answer 12

Delayed primary closure is sutured before granulation tissue after several days of lavage/debridement while secondary closure is sutured after granulation tissue

Question 13

Second intention is __ used in FA and is when the wound is left to heal by granulation, contraction and epithelization without __

Answer 13

Second intention is commonly used in FA and is when the wound is left to heal by granulation, contraction and epithelization without suturing

Question 14

Flystrike is most common in __ and presents as __ and __ wool with decreased __. It can be prevented by __and is treated by removing the maggots and and spraying ___

Answer 14

Flystrike is most common in sheep and presents as discolored and falling out wool with decreased energy. It can be prevented by shearing and is treated by removing the maggots and and spraying catron

Question 15

The majority of food animal wounds are __

Answer 15

Iatrogenic

Question 16

It’s best to dehorn when cattle are ___ but use of ___ at 1-3 days old which is bloodless or by __ at < 4wks old requiring a cornual block and pain meds

Answer 16

It’s best to dehorn when cattle are young by use of caustic paste at 1-3 days old which is bloodless or by disbudding at < 4wks old requiring a cornual block and pain meds

Question 17

What blocks are required if you choose to do a barbed dehorning?

Answer 17

Cornual and SQ line block caudal to the horn

Question 18

What is the frequency of bone fractured in ruminants?

Answer 18

Metacarpus > metatarsus> tibia> radius/ulna> humerus> femur

Question 19

What 3 things decrease the prognosis for any fracture repair?

Answer 19

Sepsis, nerve damage, and vascular trauma

Question 20

__ and __ fractures are BAD in younger animals and adults while __ are also bad in adults

Answer 20

Open and articular fractures are BAD in younger animals and adults while proximal limb fractures are also bad in adults

Question 21

Internal fixation is typically used for __ fractures proximal to the __and requires stall confinement for up to __. This animal can NEVER go to __

Answer 21

Internal fixation is typically used for long bone fractures proximal to the carpus/tarsus and requires stall confinement for up to 9 months. This animal can NEVER go to slaughter

Question 22

How many layers of material should you use when casting?

Answer 22

4-6 layers for <330lbs but 8-12 if adults and should be thicker on the hind limbs due to the hock

Question 23

Where are physeal fractures common in calves?

Answer 23

Distal metatarsus/carpus, distal femur and radius or proximal tibia

Question 24

Open fractures have a __ prognosis and need __ and ___

Answer 24

Open fractures have a BAD prognosis and need antibiotics and external fixation

Question 25

Thomas Schroeder splints are best for __ animals and sometimes work better in the __

Answer 25

Thomas Schroeder splints are best for smaller (<500kg) animals and sometimes work better in the rear

Question 26

Coxofemoral joint luxation are more common in __ cattle and primary a __

Answer 26

Coxofemoral joint luxation are more common in dairy cattle and primary a death sentence