Neurological Disease Of Cattle

Question 1

Polioencephalomalacia is causes by ingestions of plants containing __, lack of production of __ and consuming a diet containing ___.

Answer 1

Polioencephalomalacia is causes by ingestions of plants containing thiaminases, lack of production of thiamine and consuming a diet containing > 0.4% sulfur

Question 2

Polio due to the lack of production of thiamine is rumen __ from too much high __ grain while when its due to sulfur its from eating high levels of __ or __.

Answer 2

Polio due to the lack of production of thiamine is rumen acidosis from too much high starch grain while when its due to sulfur its from eating high levels of corn gluten or distillers grain.

Question 3

Clinical signs of PEM

Answer 3

Blindness, staggering, down, seizures

Question 4

Polioencephalomalacia pathogenesis

Answer 4

Thiamine is associated with energy production of the brain and a deficiency of thiamin as reduced energy available for sodium/water transport mechanisms in the cells of the brain.

Question 5

Polioencephalomalacia top 3 differential diagnoses

Answer 5

1. Lead poisoning
2. Vitamin A deficiency
3. Salt intoxification/water deprivation

Question 6

__ is the the treatment for Polio and in cases of non sulfur for __days and __days for sulfur induced

Answer 6

Thiamine is the the treatment for Polio and in cases of non sulfur for 1-2 days and 3-5 days for sulfur induced

Question 7

If cattle are unable/unwilling to drink or eat, what should you treat them with?

Answer 7

• oral fluids, electrolytes, minerals
• alfalfa pellet slurry
• transfaunation

Question 8

In polio cases, the cells of the cerebral cortex __, cerebral __ occurs with increased __ and causes ___.

Answer 8

In polio cases, the cells of the cerebral cortex swell, cerebral edema occurs with increased intracranial pressure and causes cerebrocorticonecrosis.

Question 9

Why do cattle get lead intoxification?

Answer 9

They love to licks things, drink petroleum distillates and may have access to material contaminated with lead

Question 10

Lead intoxification is typically caused by __

Answer 10

Batteries

Question 11

Briefly describe lead intoxification

Answer 11

Lead intoxification leads to neurologic signs of dullness, hyperesthesia, muscle fasciculations and rapid twitching of the eyelids/facial muscles that will progress to more severe neuro signs. There will also be GI signs of rumen hypomotility, bloat, diarrhea, and constipation. The diagnosis is made by the animal being blind with scours and can be confirmed by blood testing. Treatment is mainly by calcium EDTA chelation, thiamine and fluids/nutritional support.

Question 12

Why is treating lead toxicity in food animals tricky?

Answer 12

12 month slaughter withdrawal if you decide to treat and don’t do super well after treatment

Question 13

Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis is caused by __ after it causes bacterial __ and spreads __. It’s typically in __ cattle in the __. Animals present as __ but not __ that progress to severe neuro signs (recumbency, opisthotonos, seizures,coma) . Treat these animals with florfenicol or __ and NSAIDS

Answer 13

Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis is caused by hemophilus somnus bacteremia after it causes bacterial pneumonia and spreads hematongenously to the brain. It’s typically in feedlot cattle in the winter . Animals present as dull but not depressed that progress to severe neuro signs (recumbency, opisthotonos, seizures,coma) . Treat these animals with florfenicol or CTC and NSAIDS

Question 14

Listeria is most commonly caused by ingesting __ feed and enter the body through oral mucosa up cranial nerves. What are the clinical signs of listeria in cattle?

Answer 14

Listeria is most commonly caused by ingesting poorly ensiled (moldy >4.5 Ph) feed and enter the body through oral mucosa up cranial nerves.

Clinical signs:
- drooped ear, eyelid, lip
- head tilt
- circling
- down

Question 15

Listeria should be treated with antibiotics with good __ penetration such as __ or __.

Answer 15

Listeria should be treated with antibiotics with good CNS penetration such as Florfenicol or PPG.

Question 16

Salt intoxification has become more common due to __ failure. Animals have an excessive amount of sodium in their brain and CSF and the __ causes the animals to mobilize water stores from the GI and then drink ALOT when water is available which causes their brain to __ leading to increased __ and encephalopathy

Answer 16

Salt intoxification has become more common due to pump failure. Animals have an excessive amount of sodium in their brain and CSF and the hyper osmo laitycauses the animals to mobilize water stores from the GI and then drink ALOT when water is available which causes their brain to swell leading to increased ICP and encephalopathy

Question 17

Cattle with salt intoxification will have increase __ , __ and __ sodium. The treatment is to limit access to water for __ hours, admin __ saline and give Dexmethasone

Answer 17

Cattle with salt intoxification will have increased serum , CSF and cerebrum sodium. The treatment is to limit access to water for 24 hours, admin hypertonic saline and give Dexmethasone

Question 18

Radial nerve paralysis is secondary to __ recumbency and has clinical signs of a __ and __ to extend the leg. Treat with __ or __

Answer 18

Radial nerve paralysis is secondary to lateral recumbency and has clinical signs of a dropped elbow and inability to extend the leg. Treat with Dexmethasone or NSAIDS.

Question 19

Spinal Lymphosarcoma will have normal __ but __ in the rear legs and deficits placing __

Answer 19

Spinal Lymphosarcoma will have normal mental ion but weakness/knuckling in the rear legs and deficits placing feet

Question 20

Tetanus is very __ in cattle and almost always secondary to __

Answer 20

Tetanus is very rare in cattle and almost always secondary to banding

Question 21

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by __ that is a progressively fatal neurologic disease and can be transmitted by __ of scrapie infected feed or spontaneous __. Cattle’s BSE incubation can be from __ years, with the final stages showing clinical signs of what?

Answer 21

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by prions that is a progressively fatal neurologic disease and can be transmitted by consumption of scrapie infected feed or spontaneous mutation. Cattle’s BSE incubation can be from 2-8 years, with the final stages showing clinical signs of excitability, hypermetria, ataxia, tremors, loss of condition and death.

Question 22

__ should always be on the rule out list in cattle with cerebrum disease

Answer 22

Rabies should always be on the rule out list in cattle with cerebrum disease