World War I & The Russian Revolution Flashcards
Causes of World War I
Imperialism Nationalism Militarism Alliance System Balance of Power
Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
Russia aids Bulgaria and Serbia against Ottoman Empire
- Germany stays neutral
- Treaty of Stefano (1878): independence to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria (Russian-influenced)
the Balkans
“Powder keg of Europe”
-had endured years of ethnic and political conflict
Ottoman Empire
“Sick man of Europe”
- Russia wants warm-water port
- Bosporus and Dardanelles
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
The Triple Entente
France, England, Russia
The First Moroccan Crisis (1906)
Moroccans started fighting for independence, Wilhelm (Deutschland) helps
-Algeciras Conference
The Bosnian Crisis (1908)
- Bosnian people are Slavic
- Austria-Hungary added Bosnia
The Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
The Panther goes to Agadir (German gunboat shows up)
England says there will be “no fighting between European countries without our permission”
The Balkan Wars (1912 and 1913)
War breaks out against Ottoman Empire
Balkan League
Greece
Serbia
Bulgaria
Montenegro
-does well, kicks Ottomans out of Balkan Peninsula
-started fighting each other over new territory
Militarism
Germany increased in defense spending
Germany produced tons more steel
The Assassination of the Archduke
June 28, 1914
Traveling into Sarajevo (main town in Bosnia (Slavic people))
-Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke
July 28, 1914
Austria declares war on Serbia
-Germany’s “blank check” (support)
July 29th 1914
Russia mobilizes
-gets army ready, starts moving them
August 3, 1914
Germany mobilizes
August 4, 1914
Germany invades Belgium (neutral)
August 4, 1914
Britain declares war on Germany
The Schlieffen Plan (1905)
Quickly defeat the French, then send troops to defeat Russia
Central Powers
Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Treaty of London (1915)
Italy joined the Allied Powers (after being neutral)
- told Italy they’d give them land
- secret
The Battle of the Marne
September 1914
The German advance is stopped on the western front
-Schlieffen Plan doesn’t work
The Gallipoli Campaign
Allies attempt to take the straits
-does not go well, cannot defeat Ottomans
New Weapons
Bombs, planes, tanks, gas
The Somme
1916
The British offensive
Over a million casualties in each battle
Lusitania
British passenger ship Over 1,260 dead Sunk by German Submarine Had been filled with war materials Woodrow Wilson was furious -"we will stop unrestricted submarine warfare"
Irredentism
Land that should belong to a country
February 1, 1917
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
-knew it was a risk
Zimmerman Note
British Intercept the Zimmerman telegram on March 1, 1917
From Germans to Mexicans; Mexicans never get it
V.I. Lenin (1870-1924)
Exiled to Sweden
Returns via the “sealed train (April 1917)
-Germans helped him return (to stir up trouble)
“peace, land, and bread”
“All power to the Soviets”
-thought was was stupid (workers killing workers)
April Thesis
Kornilov’s Rebellion
September 1917
Leads a revolt against the provisional government
-wants the tsar back (reactionary)
-gives guns to Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Revolution: November 1917
- Lenin now leader
- in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
Bloody Sunday
Peaceful march in 1905 led by Father Gapon
-troops started firing at peaceful marchers
Revolution of 1905
Workers Soviets
The October Manifesto
-The Duma: advisory body; people could elect them
-constitutional democrats (moderate)
Prince Lvov
Constitutional democrat
-claims Russia was headed toward democracy
(Moderate)
Woodrow Wilson declared war…
April 6, 1917
-“to make the world safe for democracy”
Alexander Kerensky
Social Revolutionary
-takes over after Lvov
Constituent Assembly (January 1918)
Write a communist constitution
The Treaty of Brest Litovsk
March 1918
Russia surrenders to Germany
Sign a treaty at Brest-Litovsk
-Germany takes 1/3 of Russian territory
The Cheka
Lenin’s secret police
-fined/arrested people against communism
The Red Army=communist army
Civil War, 1918-1922
“War Communism”
-process of nationalizing industries
-Lenin wants to control economy (eliminates class struggle)
Reds vs. Whites (communists vs. everyone else)
-U.S. sends troops to help the Whites
Comintern
Lenin’s attempt to stimulate world-wide revolutions
The New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921-27
Lenin wants to reestablish capitalism
Stalin
“Socialism in One Country”
-spread communism one country at a time
Trotsky=Permanent Revolution (world-wide revolution)
Trotsky fled to Mexico after Stalin was in power
The Final German Offensive: Spring 1918
Second battle of the Marne
-German offensive fails
14-Point Speech
Woodrow Wilson
- just stop fighting
- Germans are interested in speech
- great impact on last days of the war
11/11/11
November 11, 1918
-Sign the Armistice
-signed in a railway car at 11 am
(Austria and Germany)
The Paris Peace Talks, 1919
The “Big Four” : Lloyd George, Orlando (Italy), George Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson
-what can we do about nationalism, imperialism, balance of power, alliance system
-what started the war
Lenin was NOT invited
