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AP European History > Chapter 16/17 > Flashcards

Chapter 16/17 Flashcards

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0
Q

What did monarchs do?

A 
Taxation
Confiscation of land
Creation of armies
Rewarded some with titles
Reduce power of the clergy
Increased power of the bourgeoisie
Took out loans from bankers
Control of mercantilism
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1
Q

Politique

A

Puts politics ahead of religion

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2
Q

Mercantilism

A
  1. Colonies established
  2. Colonies provide raw materials
  3. Mother country makes finished products
  4. Mother country sells the finished products (in most cases back to the colonies)
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3
Q

Bullionism

A

Gold or silver

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4
Q

Exports>imports

A

Exports are greater than imports

-favorable balance of trade (make nice profit)

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5
Q

Charles V (I of Spain)

A 
Pope's friend -told Luther to recant
Diet of Worms
Nephew of Catharine of Aragon
Leader in Hapsburg-Valois Wars
Defeated Schmalkaldic League
Borrowed money from Jacob Fugger to bribe electors
Encouraged exploration and mercantilism
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6
Q

Phillip II (1556-1598)

A 
Charles' son
Took over after he died
Super catholic (no religious tolerance)
Fights the Ottoman Turks in Mediterranean Sea
Fights the unruly Dutch
Wanted to bring back Catholic to England
Marries Bloody Mary
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7
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Bloody Mary’s husband Phillip II wanted to marry Elizabeth after Mary died
Elizabeth aids Dutch in their revolt (angers Phillip)

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8
Q

Queen Mary of Scots (Stuart)

A

Catholic
Ran out of Scotland by Presbyterians (Calvinists)
Being protected by Elizabeth
Next in line after Elizabeth
Been encouraging assassination of Elizabeth
Plotted with Phillip
Elizabeth hesitates to kill Mary (would anger Phillip, cousins, divine right monarch)
Executed in Spanish Armada (1588)

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9
Q

Henry of Navarre (IV)

A 
Louis XIV's grandfather
Founder of the Bourbon dynasty
Beloved because of the belief that he cared about the people
Kept France at peace
Issued Edict of Nantes
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10
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Issued by Henry IV in 1589 as a compromise between Catholic and Hugenots

  • allowed Protestants the right to worship
  • Henry was murdered by a Catholic zealot in 1610 (François Ravaillie)
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11
Q

Richelieu (Armand Jean du Plessis) 1585-1642

A
  • Appointed by Marie de Medici to the council of ministers
  • 1st minister of the French Crown in 1628
  • Declared was on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance
  • Helped maintain the monarchy’s power within Europe despite the turmoil of the 30 Years’ War
  • Supported the Hapsburgs’ enemies, including Protestants
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12
Q

Fronde

A

(literally “slingshot”/”catapult”)
-Uprisings of 1648-1653
-Term applied to many individuals and groups who opposed the policies of the government
-Began among the robe nobility when the judges of the Parisian rejected a proposal to raise new revenues by rescinding judicial salaries
-Arrest of several magistrates sparked a popular riot in the capital whose inhabitants had suffered to meet the costs of war
2nd Stage
-extended to the sword nobility, who were also angered by the increasing powers of the central government

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13
Q

Fronde results

A

It became apparent that compromise between the king and the sword & robe nobility was necessary
-only violence and disorder could come from refusal to negotiate

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14
Q

Intendants

A

Royal commissioners

  • performed specific tasks, often financial, but also judicial and political
  • collected info from local communities and delivered royal orders from the capital to their district
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15
Q

17th century

A

“age of crisis”

Bitterness of religious divides, climate changes, increased pressures exerted by governments, violence and dislocation of war

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16
Q

Absolutism

A

Government that gathered all power under their personal control

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17
Q

Sovereignty

A

Possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries

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18
Q

Louis XIV (absolutism)

A

Compromised with existing powers instead of crushing their power

  • size and wealth of France allowed Louis to field enormous armies and pursue the ambitious foreign policies that caused his alarmed neighbors to form coalitions against him
  • success of absolutism may be due to new loyalty, professionalism, and size of the French army
  • had firm control of his armed forces
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19
Q

Nobles of the sword

A

“noblesse d’épée”

Old nobility

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20
Q

Estates General

A

Federal assembly that handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war.

  • did not possess sovereign authority; all issues had to be referred back to the local estates for approval
  • appointed a stadholder in each province
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21
Q

What happened to Hugenots when Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes?

A

The new law ordered the destruction of Hugenot churches, closing of schools, the Catholic baptism of Hugenots, and the exile of Hugenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith
-resulted in some of his most loyal and industrially skilled subjects

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22
Q

Jean Bodin

A

Came up with the term “absolutism”

-writer, government official

23
Q

Absolutism means:

A
  • The king is not subject to assemblies (does not have to answer Parliament)
  • The nobility is subordinated (less power to nobles)
  • Had power to tax
  • Bureaucracies were filled by the middle class (controlled by king-forever, instead of sharing with nobles)
  • Church is subordinated (Protestant Reformation)
  • Large standing armies equipped with modern tech (ready to go)
  • Rewarded some with titles of nobility
  • Often took out loans from merchants and bankers
24
Q

The Duke of Sully

A

Advisor to Henry IV

  • Henry’s finance minister
  • Reformed the tax system
  • Reduced royal debt
  • Built roads and canals
  • Restored public order
  • Encouraged mercantilism
25
Q

Marie de Medici (1573-1642)

A

Basically ran the country while Louis XIII was young (he took over at age 9)
–The last ruler to call the Estates General (1614) until the French Revolution (1789)
-Fired Sully
-Appointed Richelieu

26
Q

Cardinal Richelieu (1585{r. 1624-1642})

A

Wants to increase power/size of France to natural borders

  • decreased power of nobility (make king more powerful)
  • Intendants (important gov officials, middle class)
  • Forbade Hugenot fortifications
  • Expanded mercantilism
  • Involved France in 30 Years’ War
  • France fighting against Hapsburgs (Catholics)
  • politique
  • avoided calling the Estates General
27
Q

The Defenestration of Prague

A

1618
Protestants beat up Catholics and threw them out a window
Leads to the Thirty Years’ War

28
Q

Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)

A

Advisor to Louis XIV

29
Q

The Fronde (1648-1652)

A

Revolt started by nobles of the sword (old) fighting power of the king
Does not succeed (lasts 4 years)

30
Q

Louis XIV

A

“I am the State”
How Louis described the government (thinks of himself as absolute monarch)
-assumes personal control in 1661
-controlled the parliaments (court system)
-continued his predecessors’ policies..& expanded them
-sold titles of nobility
-built the palace of Versailles (instead of fighting nobles, he invited them in)

31
Q

Peace of Ultrecht

1713

A

Ended the war of Spanish succession (1701-1713)

  • In 1701, English, Dutch , Austrians, and Prussians formed the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV
  • united to prevent France from becoming too strong
  • marked the END of French expansion
32
Q

Constitutionalism

A

The limitation of government by law

-balance between the authority and power of the government, rights and liberties of the subjects

33
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

Ended the Thirty Years’ War

  • conflicts fought over religious faith ended
  • emperors’ power now severely limited
  • acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands
  • symbolized the reduced political role of the church
  • made the Augsburg agreement of 1555 permanent
34
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

Most destructive event for the Central European economy and society (prior to 20th century)
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French phases

35
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Met an English fleet on the Channel
English ships were smaller, faster more maneuverable
-defeated before it even reached the Netherlands

36
Q

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A

Savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris on August 24, 1572 (Bartholomew’s day)
-led to civil war that dragged on for 15 years

37
Q

Junkers

A

Nobility and the landowning class

-dominated the estates of Brandenburg and Prussia

38
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

In 1713, Charles VI proclaimed the Pragmatic Sanction which stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, even if it meant allowing a woman to take the throne

39
Q

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)

A

Encourage mercantilism & bullionism
Granted monopolies
Economic self sufficiency
Abolished internal trade restriction (promote trade/business)
-But the clergy & nobles still did not pay taxes

40
Q

Corvée

A

Obligation to work for you lord a certain number of days

41
Q

Religious Policy -Louis XIV

A

The Gallican Church (Catholic Church in France)

  • Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1685)
  • frustrated Colbert (Hugenots fled, lost money and skilled merchants-important segment of population was lost)
  • expelled the Jansenists (group of Catholics that adapted some Calvinsit beliefs
42
Q

Natural borders of France

A

English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, Iberian peninsula, Alps, Rhine River, Mediterranean Sea

43
Q

English monarch wants to be absolute, but won’t because….

A
  1. Parliament (power of the purse)
  2. Magma Carta (medieval document that limited king’s power- “the law is greater than the king”)
    - common law
44
Q

James I (r. 1603-1625)

A 
Son of Mary Queen Scots
Inherited Elizabeth's(virgin queen) issues
-frustrated Parliament and Puritans
Believed in Divine right 
Wanted to tax without Parliament
Anglican 
-opposed the Puritans
Authorized King James Version of bible, 1611
45
Q

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)

A

Further challenged Parliament
-wanted to be able to raise money from taxes
Agreed to sign the Petition of Right (1628)
-promised to consult Parliament for taxes
-ignores agreement
1649-1640, ruled without Parliament
“Ship money”-tried to raise money by charging taxes on port towns, started to tax internal towns too.
Married Louis XIII’s sister (catholic)

46
Q

Archbishop William Laud (1573-1645)

A

Imposed the Anglican doctrine on Scotland

  • Scotland revolted 1638-39
  • Now Charles needed money (Short/Long Parliament)
47
Q

Puritan Revolution (Civil War) 1642-1649

A

Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. Parliamentarians (Roundheads)

48
Q

End of Puritan revolution

A

Charles is take. Prisoner in 1648
“Pride’s Purge”- Oliver Cromwell manipulates vote to make sure Charles is executed
-Moderates are purged from Parliament
The “Rump Parliament” (mostly Puritans) voted to execute Charles (now Regicides)

49
Q

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

A 
The "Interregnum" Period (1649-1660)
The Commonwealth (1649-1653)
-Rule by Parliament
The Procterate (1654-1660)
-dictatorship under Cromwell
(Closes theaters, can't gamble, life dull under Puritans)
50
Q

England under Cromwell

A 
Strictly Puritan
conquered Scotland
Brutalized Ireland
-beginning of problems between England and Ireland
-resigns
51
Q

The Restoration

A

King Charles II (r.1660-1685)
Undid Cromwell’s strict rules
Favored religious toleration
Had secret Catholic sympathies (had been protected by Louis XIV)

52
Q

King James II (r. 1685-1688)

A

Overtly Catholic
Driven out by Parliament (scared to have repeat of Bloody Mary)
-Daughter Mary and husband King William III of Dutch become new monarchs in England

53
Q

English Bill of Rights (1689)

A

Established Parliamentary authority

- had more powers than just power of purse)

54
Q

Queen Anne (r. 1702-1714)

A 
Daughter of William and Mary
The LAST of the Stuarts
The Act of Settlement (1701)
-no Catholic monarchs
-no "Pretenders" (son of King James)

AP European History (8 decks)

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