Chapter 16/17 Flashcards
What did monarchs do?
Taxation Confiscation of land Creation of armies Rewarded some with titles Reduce power of the clergy Increased power of the bourgeoisie Took out loans from bankers Control of mercantilism
Politique
Puts politics ahead of religion
Mercantilism
- Colonies established
- Colonies provide raw materials
- Mother country makes finished products
- Mother country sells the finished products (in most cases back to the colonies)
Bullionism
Gold or silver
Exports>imports
Exports are greater than imports
-favorable balance of trade (make nice profit)
Charles V (I of Spain)
Pope's friend -told Luther to recant Diet of Worms Nephew of Catharine of Aragon Leader in Hapsburg-Valois Wars Defeated Schmalkaldic League Borrowed money from Jacob Fugger to bribe electors Encouraged exploration and mercantilism
Phillip II (1556-1598)
Charles' son Took over after he died Super catholic (no religious tolerance) Fights the Ottoman Turks in Mediterranean Sea Fights the unruly Dutch Wanted to bring back Catholic to England Marries Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I
Bloody Mary’s husband Phillip II wanted to marry Elizabeth after Mary died
Elizabeth aids Dutch in their revolt (angers Phillip)
Queen Mary of Scots (Stuart)
Catholic
Ran out of Scotland by Presbyterians (Calvinists)
Being protected by Elizabeth
Next in line after Elizabeth
Been encouraging assassination of Elizabeth
Plotted with Phillip
Elizabeth hesitates to kill Mary (would anger Phillip, cousins, divine right monarch)
Executed in Spanish Armada (1588)
Henry of Navarre (IV)
Louis XIV's grandfather Founder of the Bourbon dynasty Beloved because of the belief that he cared about the people Kept France at peace Issued Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV in 1589 as a compromise between Catholic and Hugenots
- allowed Protestants the right to worship
- Henry was murdered by a Catholic zealot in 1610 (François Ravaillie)
Richelieu (Armand Jean du Plessis) 1585-1642
- Appointed by Marie de Medici to the council of ministers
- 1st minister of the French Crown in 1628
- Declared was on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance
- Helped maintain the monarchy’s power within Europe despite the turmoil of the 30 Years’ War
- Supported the Hapsburgs’ enemies, including Protestants
Fronde
(literally “slingshot”/”catapult”)
-Uprisings of 1648-1653
-Term applied to many individuals and groups who opposed the policies of the government
-Began among the robe nobility when the judges of the Parisian rejected a proposal to raise new revenues by rescinding judicial salaries
-Arrest of several magistrates sparked a popular riot in the capital whose inhabitants had suffered to meet the costs of war
2nd Stage
-extended to the sword nobility, who were also angered by the increasing powers of the central government
Fronde results
It became apparent that compromise between the king and the sword & robe nobility was necessary
-only violence and disorder could come from refusal to negotiate
Intendants
Royal commissioners
- performed specific tasks, often financial, but also judicial and political
- collected info from local communities and delivered royal orders from the capital to their district
17th century
“age of crisis”
Bitterness of religious divides, climate changes, increased pressures exerted by governments, violence and dislocation of war
Absolutism
Government that gathered all power under their personal control
Sovereignty
Possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries
Louis XIV (absolutism)
Compromised with existing powers instead of crushing their power
- size and wealth of France allowed Louis to field enormous armies and pursue the ambitious foreign policies that caused his alarmed neighbors to form coalitions against him
- success of absolutism may be due to new loyalty, professionalism, and size of the French army
- had firm control of his armed forces
Nobles of the sword
“noblesse d’épée”
Old nobility
Estates General
Federal assembly that handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war.
- did not possess sovereign authority; all issues had to be referred back to the local estates for approval
- appointed a stadholder in each province
What happened to Hugenots when Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes?
The new law ordered the destruction of Hugenot churches, closing of schools, the Catholic baptism of Hugenots, and the exile of Hugenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith
-resulted in some of his most loyal and industrially skilled subjects
Jean Bodin
Came up with the term “absolutism”
-writer, government official
Absolutism means:
- The king is not subject to assemblies (does not have to answer Parliament)
- The nobility is subordinated (less power to nobles)
- Had power to tax
- Bureaucracies were filled by the middle class (controlled by king-forever, instead of sharing with nobles)
- Church is subordinated (Protestant Reformation)
- Large standing armies equipped with modern tech (ready to go)
- Rewarded some with titles of nobility
- Often took out loans from merchants and bankers
The Duke of Sully
Advisor to Henry IV
- Henry’s finance minister
- Reformed the tax system
- Reduced royal debt
- Built roads and canals
- Restored public order
- Encouraged mercantilism
Marie de Medici (1573-1642)
Basically ran the country while Louis XIII was young (he took over at age 9)
–The last ruler to call the Estates General (1614) until the French Revolution (1789)
-Fired Sully
-Appointed Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu (1585{r. 1624-1642})
Wants to increase power/size of France to natural borders
- decreased power of nobility (make king more powerful)
- Intendants (important gov officials, middle class)
- Forbade Hugenot fortifications
- Expanded mercantilism
- Involved France in 30 Years’ War
- France fighting against Hapsburgs (Catholics)
- politique
- avoided calling the Estates General
The Defenestration of Prague
1618
Protestants beat up Catholics and threw them out a window
Leads to the Thirty Years’ War
Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
Advisor to Louis XIV
The Fronde (1648-1652)
Revolt started by nobles of the sword (old) fighting power of the king
Does not succeed (lasts 4 years)
Louis XIV
“I am the State”
How Louis described the government (thinks of himself as absolute monarch)
-assumes personal control in 1661
-controlled the parliaments (court system)
-continued his predecessors’ policies..& expanded them
-sold titles of nobility
-built the palace of Versailles (instead of fighting nobles, he invited them in)
Peace of Ultrecht
1713
Ended the war of Spanish succession (1701-1713)
- In 1701, English, Dutch , Austrians, and Prussians formed the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV
- united to prevent France from becoming too strong
- marked the END of French expansion
Constitutionalism
The limitation of government by law
-balance between the authority and power of the government, rights and liberties of the subjects
Peace of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years’ War
- conflicts fought over religious faith ended
- emperors’ power now severely limited
- acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands
- symbolized the reduced political role of the church
- made the Augsburg agreement of 1555 permanent
Thirty Years’ War
Most destructive event for the Central European economy and society (prior to 20th century)
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French phases
Spanish Armada
Met an English fleet on the Channel
English ships were smaller, faster more maneuverable
-defeated before it even reached the Netherlands
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris on August 24, 1572 (Bartholomew’s day)
-led to civil war that dragged on for 15 years
Junkers
Nobility and the landowning class
-dominated the estates of Brandenburg and Prussia
Pragmatic Sanction
In 1713, Charles VI proclaimed the Pragmatic Sanction which stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, even if it meant allowing a woman to take the throne
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)
Encourage mercantilism & bullionism
Granted monopolies
Economic self sufficiency
Abolished internal trade restriction (promote trade/business)
-But the clergy & nobles still did not pay taxes
Corvée
Obligation to work for you lord a certain number of days
Religious Policy -Louis XIV
The Gallican Church (Catholic Church in France)
- Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1685)
- frustrated Colbert (Hugenots fled, lost money and skilled merchants-important segment of population was lost)
- expelled the Jansenists (group of Catholics that adapted some Calvinsit beliefs
Natural borders of France
English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, Iberian peninsula, Alps, Rhine River, Mediterranean Sea
English monarch wants to be absolute, but won’t because….
- Parliament (power of the purse)
- Magma Carta (medieval document that limited king’s power- “the law is greater than the king”)
- common law
James I (r. 1603-1625)
Son of Mary Queen Scots Inherited Elizabeth's(virgin queen) issues -frustrated Parliament and Puritans Believed in Divine right Wanted to tax without Parliament Anglican -opposed the Puritans Authorized King James Version of bible, 1611
Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
Further challenged Parliament
-wanted to be able to raise money from taxes
Agreed to sign the Petition of Right (1628)
-promised to consult Parliament for taxes
-ignores agreement
1649-1640, ruled without Parliament
“Ship money”-tried to raise money by charging taxes on port towns, started to tax internal towns too.
Married Louis XIII’s sister (catholic)
Archbishop William Laud (1573-1645)
Imposed the Anglican doctrine on Scotland
- Scotland revolted 1638-39
- Now Charles needed money (Short/Long Parliament)
Puritan Revolution (Civil War) 1642-1649
Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
End of Puritan revolution
Charles is take. Prisoner in 1648
“Pride’s Purge”- Oliver Cromwell manipulates vote to make sure Charles is executed
-Moderates are purged from Parliament
The “Rump Parliament” (mostly Puritans) voted to execute Charles (now Regicides)
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
The "Interregnum" Period (1649-1660) The Commonwealth (1649-1653) -Rule by Parliament The Procterate (1654-1660) -dictatorship under Cromwell (Closes theaters, can't gamble, life dull under Puritans)
England under Cromwell
Strictly Puritan conquered Scotland Brutalized Ireland -beginning of problems between England and Ireland -resigns
The Restoration
King Charles II (r.1660-1685)
Undid Cromwell’s strict rules
Favored religious toleration
Had secret Catholic sympathies (had been protected by Louis XIV)
King James II (r. 1685-1688)
Overtly Catholic
Driven out by Parliament (scared to have repeat of Bloody Mary)
-Daughter Mary and husband King William III of Dutch become new monarchs in England
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Established Parliamentary authority
- had more powers than just power of purse)
Queen Anne (r. 1702-1714)
Daughter of William and Mary The LAST of the Stuarts The Act of Settlement (1701) -no Catholic monarchs -no "Pretenders" (son of King James)
