Chapter 23, 24, 25

Question 0

Realism (1850-1890s)

Answer 0

Rejected romanticism

• portrayed life as it was
• representative of the working class
• tended to have Marxist leanings

Question 1

Romanticism

Answer 1

An emotional reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment

• engaged and enraged artist
• embodied the emotion of Nationalism
• stressed feelings, emotion, imagination

Question 2

Impressionism (late 1800s-early 1900s)

Answer 2

• focused on “capturing the moment”
• similar to realism but with emotion
• “photography of art” (approach light/color scientifically)
• not as serious as romanticism/realism
• not as politically charged

Question 3

Charles X

Answer 3

Leaned toward old regime

-clergy was given control of schools (catholic)

Question 4

Louis Philippe

Answer 4

The “Citizen King”
The July Monarchy (1830-1848)
-abdicated as a result of the February Revolution

Question 5

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

Answer 5

The “Soul” (of unifying Italy)

• Carbonari (radical Italian group)
• formed Young Italy

Question 6

Realpolitik

Answer 6

Replaced idealism
-the politics of reality
-Machiavellian
-achieve goals through political, practical means
(Bismarck)

Question 7

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Answer 7

France & Britain vs. Russia
Causes: Russian ambition; protect Christians, expand into Crimean
-Austria and Prussia stayed out
Effects: Russia lost influence in Balkans; Concert of Europe ended

Question 8

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 8

The “Sword”

• unifies the South (1860)
• gives up power to Victor Emmanuel

Question 9

Count Cavour

Answer 9

The “Mind”

Question 10

Bismarck (1815-1898)

Answer 10

“The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions…”
but by “Blood and Iron” (Blut unt Eisen)
-Realpolitik
-had to outmaneuver liberals

Question 11

Nationalism

Answer 11

Had its immediate origins in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars

• each people had its own genius and its own cultural identity
• every nation, like every citizen, had the right to exist in freedom and to develop its character

Question 12

Napoleon III

Answer 12

Believed that rebuilding Paris would provide employment, improve living conditions, and testify to the power and glory of his empire

• wanted a tough ruler to provide protection
• his government encouraged the new investment banks and massive railroad construction
• progressively liberalized his empire, giving the Assembly greater freedom, causing political power to slip away from him

Question 13

Theodor Herzl

Answer 13

Turned from German nationalism and advocated political Zionism

Question 14

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 14

• case split France apart
• Dreyfus declared innocent
• revived republican feeling against the church
• government severed all ties between the state and the Catholic Church

Question 15

Kulturkampf

Answer 15

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church
-means “struggle for civilization”
-Like Bismarck, liberals were particularly alarmed by Pius IX’s declaration of infallibility in 1870 (seemed to ask German Catholics to put loyalty to their church above loyalty to their nation)
In 1878, Bismarck abandoned his attack

Question 16

Freud

Answer 16

Founder of psychoanalysis

• Oedipal: tensions resulting from the son’s instinctive competition with the father for the mother’s love
• defense mechanism: human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs

Question 17

The Russian zemstvo was a…

Answer 17

Local government assembly

Question 18

Volksgeist

Answer 18

Every people possesses its own cultural traits shaped by ancestral history and the experience of a specific physical environment…