Chapter 12,13 Test Flashcards
Hundred Years’ War
1337-1453, longest war in European history (116 years) between England and France
The Black Death
Cause- in 1347, Genoese sailors carried all kinds of cargo, but also carried rats and vermin, which carried disease pathogens, to
Bubonic plague; boil (bubo) size of a nut or apple on armpit caused agonizing pain; black spots or blotches on skin; cough violently and spit blood
Flagellant
Whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their and society’s sins in the belief that the Black Death was God’s punishment for humanity’s wickedness
Joan of Arc
French peasant girl whose vision and work revived French fortunes and led to victory
During adolescence she began to hear voices, which she later said belonged to St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. In 1428, these voices told her that dauphin, uncrowned King Charles VII, had to be crowned and the English expelled from France
Babylonian Captivity
The 70 years the ancient Hebrews were held captive in Mesopotamian Babylon
Damaged papal prestige
Great Schism
Divided Western Christendom until 1417
Conciliarists
Believed that reform of the church could best be achieved through periodic assemblies, or general councils, representing all the Christian people
-favored a balanced or constitutional form of church government
John Wyclif (1330-1384)
English scholar and theologian who urged the abolition of many church practices
Thought all Christians should read the bible for themselves
Followers were called “Lollards” which means “mumbles of prayers and psalms”
Con fraternities
Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity
“The Imitation of Christ” by Thomas à Kempis
Book that Gained wide appeal among laypeople
Urges Christians to take Christ as their model, seeking perfection in a simple way of life, & look to the scriptures for guidance in living a spiritual life
Bridget of Sweden (1303-1373)
Noblewoman who journeyed to Rome after her husband’s death
Began to see visions and gave advice based on these visions in Swedish
Saw visions of Mary in Jerusalem who described to her exactly how she was standing when she gave birth to Jesus
Jacquerie
In 1358, when French taxation for the Hundred Years’ War fell heavily on the poor, the French peasantry responded in a massive uprising
-named after Jacques Bonhomme
ciompi
Poor property less workers who revolted in Florence in 1378
Fur-Collar Crime
Nobles used their superiors status to rob and extort from the weak and then corrupt the judicial process
Statue of Kilkenny
States that there were to be no marriages between those of immigrant and native stock
Irish must learn English and bear English names and have English apparel
Vernacular
National languages
Renaissance
“Rebirth”
Word first used by Giorgio Vasari to describe art or rare men of genius
Beginning of remarkable changes in Italian intellectual, artistic and cultural life
Started in Florence
Florence
Where Renaissance started
inland city with no easy access to sea transportation.
Papal Banking, trade
Lost half population to Black Death
Why Italy?
Home of Holy Roman Empire, increased trade, patrons readily supported the arts
Ships, traffic, center of trade, new ideas exchanged
Oligarchy
Small group that ruled a city and its surrounding countryside.
Popolo
Common people
- heavily taxed
- resented exclusion from power
Signori
One man ruled and handed down the right to rule to his son
Venice
Republic
Oligarchy ran city
Enormous trade, vast colonial empire= ranked as international power
Humanism
Study of Latin classics
Implicit philosophy
Emphasized human beings and their achievements, interests, and capabilities
Individualism
Stressed personality, uniqueness, genius and full development of one’s capabilities and talents
Castiglione’s “The Courtier”
Sought to train, discipline,and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, a gentleman; should be artistic, athletic, spiritual, intellectual, musical, dancer
“The Prince” by Niccolo Machiavelli
Subject was political power; how the ruler should gain, maintain and increase it.
Machiavelli was a humanist.
Christian humanists (Northern humanists)
Interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions.
Developed a program for broad social reform based on Christian ideals
Desiderius Erasmus
Wrote “The Praise of Folly”, “The Education of a Christian Prince”
Critical edition of New Testament
Johan Gutenburg
Credited with the invention of the printing press
Metal-smith
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Designed the bronze doors of the baptistery
Patrons
Patrician merchants and bankers and popes and princes supported the arts as a means of glorifying themselves and their families.
Giotto
Led the way in the use of realism in art; his realness in the face and body replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
Andrea Mantega
Pioneered perspective in painting
Gabelle
Taxes on salt
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Asserted the superiority of a general council over the papacy, giving the French crown major control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.
Established liberties
Wars of the Roses
1455-1471
The ducal houses of York and Lancaster waged civil war
Court of Star Chamber
Court that applied principles of the Roman law and it’s method were sometimes terrifying
The justices of peace
The unpaid local officials that the English relied on
hermandades
Brotherhoods
conversos
New Christians- the Jews that were forced to convert to Christianity
Well-educated and successful
