Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP European History > Semester Exam > Flashcards

Semester Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® European History flashcards AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
0
Q

Frederick the Great (r.1740-1786)

A
  • first “servant of the state”

- religious toleration, promotion through merit, academic freedom, freed serfs, invited Voltaire to his court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Enlightened Monarchs

A

Had direct correspondence with philosophes, used their power to promote intellectual ideas and the welfare of their people, toleration of religion, more education, and elimination of torture/death penalty
-BUT..all of these reforms were moderate, many of these reforms helped increase power, and most reforms/ideas will be undone by 19th century
(Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of HRE, Catherine the Great of Russia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Joseph II

A

-religious toleration, solidified Hapsburg, abolished serfdom, taxed everyone, abolished torture/death penalty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)

A

Rise to power…goal was to modernize and westernize; corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot, liked enlightened ideas but difficult to make these changes
-“you write on paper, I write on skin” to Voltaire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Issued by Henry IV (Henry kept France at peace, loved by people) in 1589 as a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots
-allowed Protestants the right to worship in certain towns throughout France

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

A

Heliocentric
-believed sun was at the center of the universe, not earth; knew his writings would be controversial, did not publish them until year of death
Theorized the stars/planets revolved around sun, not earth
-teachings brought sharp attacks from religious leaders, especially Protestants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

A

Brahe’s brilliant young assistant

  • demonstrated that the orbits of planets around the Sun are elliptical, rather than circular
  • proved mathematically the precise relations of sun-centered solar system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

John Locke (1632-1704)

A

philosophe; people born not good, not evil, but blank
“Tabula Rosa” = Blank slate
The Social Contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Social Contract

A
  1. Promise to respect other’s life, liberty, and property
  2. Government will protect the citizens’ natural rights
  3. We have the right to revolt of the government doesn’t protect your rights
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

A
  • born GOOD, cooperated with one another, society has corrupted us
  • “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains”
  • progress in science doesn’t mean progress in society
  • man is a “noble savage” in the state of nature
  • The General Will: rely on popular sovereignty (voting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

A

Scotsman looking for natural laws of economics:

  1. Supply and demand
  2. Competition
    - the government’s responsibility should be “laissez faire” = hands off
    - let the invisible hand of 1 & 2 determine what products/price should be
    - anti-Mercantilism= hated by monarchs/kings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Invisible Hand

A

Government should be “laissez faire” (hands off) in economics
-invisible hand of supply & demand and competition will determine what products/price should be
(Adam Smith)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A

-toleration
-critical of organized religion (most vocal against the lack of toleration)
-“crush the infamous thing”
-believe in deism
“I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

philosophes

A

-trying to find natural laws of human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Versailles

A
  • Began as a modest hunting lodge
  • under Louis XIV’s orders, his architects turned it into a magnificent palace
  • mirror of French greatness to the world
  • Louis gained power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intendants

A

Royal commissioners

  • performed specific tasks, often financial, but also judicial and political
  • collected info from local communities and delivered orders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fronde

A

(“Slingshot/catapult”)

  • uprisings of 1648-1652
  • term applied to the many individuals/ groups who opposed the policies of the government
  • revolt started by Nobles of the Sword (old) fighting power of the King
  • does not succeed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mercantilism

A
  1. Colonies established
  2. Colonies provide raw materials
  3. Mother country makes finished products
  4. Mother country sells the finished products back to colonies
    (favorable balance of trade)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

westernization

A

Catherine the Great’s goal was to modernize and westernize Russia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Jesuits

A

Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

  • Jesuits were modern and attracted many recruits
  • brought southern Germany and much of Eastern Europe back to Catholicism
  • guardians of faith
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Divine right

A

Monarchs believed they were appointed by God

Ex: Louis XIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Peter the Great

A
  • modernization and westernization

- built St. Petersburg, made it the capital, made nobles live there with him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Charles I

A

Goes around Parliament (power of purse) for taxes to gain power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Metternich’s principles: legitimacy (restoration of rightful rulers), compensation; balance of power
-reactionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medici

A

In Italy, supporter of arts (patron of the arts)

Religious figures, important people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Martin Luther

A

Against indulgences; Christian humanists; salvation by faith alone; debates with John Eck; Diet of Worms, then excommunicated from Church; protected by Duke of Saxony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Peasants War

A

“mad dogs”

  • used religious controversy to revolt against feudal lords; resolved by Peace of Augsburg
  • each prince was able to vote to be Lutheran or Catholic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Continental System

A

Napoleon’s attempt to stop trade with Britain

-begins Napoleon’s end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

Charles XI was scared his daughter wouldn’t be strong enough to fight off other countries

  • made countries agree not to take his land when he died
  • Countries broke promise and attacked anyway
  • Austria still prospered under her
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Orderly universe

A

Everything happens because everything is attached to a natural law

  • things don’t happen randomly
  • reliable, never-changing
  • before it was based on God alone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nationalism

A

Growing movement that starts under Napoleon

  • people begin to feel proud of country
  • ethnic groups coming together and becoming stronger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bourbon

A

Ruling family in France

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hapsburg

A

Ruling family in Spain/Austria

33
Q

Commercial revolution

A

Buying and selling things with money

-Mercantilism =favorable balance of trade

34
Q

Estates General

A

Louis XVI calls in Estates General after he tried everything else (last option).
Problems- 2:1 vote (clergy and noble voted together, 3rd estate always got outvoted)

35
Q

Silesia

A

Territory Prussia took over

36
Q

Free trade

A

What Adam Smith wants; natural laws of economics

-invisible hand of competition will balance it out

37
Q

Oligarchy

A

Rule by a group of people (Ex: England after England Reformation, ruled by nobles)

38
Q

Parlement

A

In charge of legal system (court system)

  • France
  • got in way of what King wanted to do
39
Q

Spain

A

Ferdinand and Isabella married, united territories (Castile & Aragon)

  • needed to drive Turks out of Grenada
  • Spain’s fortunes rise in New World
  • Spanish Armada defeated 1588
40
Q

Inquisition

A

A committee of 6 cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics, and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute

  • vigorously attacked heresy, effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States
  • sometimes applied torture
41
Q

Baroque

A

Originated in Rome

  • Catholic Reformation art
  • Church encouraged artists to appeal to the senses
  • sense of drama, motion and ceaseless striving
42
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Elizabethan era=great progress

  • undid Bloody Mary’s anti-Protestant laws
  • made moderate Protestantism the official religion
43
Q

The Prince

A

Written by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513

44
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

Wrote The Prince

  • thought Italian states should unite
  • Leaders need to provide security and stability
  • “it is better to be feared than loved”
45
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

Ended 30 Years War in 1648

-Netherlands won independence from Spain

46
Q

Witchcraft

A

“Deluded by devil”

  • tried and executed witches, mainly women and older widows
  • witches were enemies of God
47
Q

Henry IV

A

Published Edict of Nantes in 1598

  • “Paris is worth a mass”
  • politique
  • converted to Catholic so he wouldn’t be killed
48
Q

Politique

A

Puts politics ahead of religion

49
Q

Richelieu

A

Appointed as minister by Marie de Medici

  • 1st minister of the French Crown in 1628
  • declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance
  • helped maintain the monarchy’s power within Europe despite the turmoil of the 30 Years’ War
  • supported the Hapsburgs’ enemies, including Protestants
50
Q

Humanism

A

-idea of reflecting back to ancient times when it was more worldly than spiritual
Implicit philosophy
Renaissance humanists studied the classics to understand human nature
Petrarch= Father of Humanism

51
Q

Christian humanism

A

(Northern humanists) interpreted Italian ideas
Generally rejected ideas that were opposed to Christianity
-viewed humanity from a strongly Christian perspective

52
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Praise of Folly (1509)
Christian humanist
-“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched”

53
Q

Calvinism

A

John Calvin (1509-1564)
-believed God had specifically called him to reform the church (Presbyterian)
Sacraments: only those in scripture
Eucharist: symbolic representation
Authority: The Bible and Church elders (presbyters)
Salvation: predestination “the elect” (chosen)
Theocracy = religious communities (set his in Geneva)
Protestant Work Ethic

54
Q

Lutheranism

A

Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Sacraments: only those in scripture
Eucharist: consubstantiation (w/ Jesus)
Authority: the Bible
Salvation: “sola fide, sola scripture” = only faith, only scripture
-no one in authority ranks above you if you have faith

55
Q

Martin Luther

A

Posted ‘95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences’ on October 31

  • questions he would like to debate with church officials
  • not a heretic, only questioning
  • argued that indulgences undermined the seriousness of Penance, competed with the preaching of the gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life
56
Q

Brandenburg-Prussia

A

Prussia

3 provinces

57
Q

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

A

Pope Paul III

Conclusions: reaffirmed catholic doctrine, ended corruption within the clergy

58
Q

Renaissance

A 
1350-1550
"Rebirth"
-individualism
-secularism
-revival of classic antiquity 
-humanism
-Florence= center of Renaissance during the quatrocentro
Art of Renaissance= secular, perspective, real
59
Q

Montaigne (1533-1592)

A

“Que sais-je” = “what do I know?”

  • nothing (skepticism)
  • critical
60
Q

Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)

A 
"the Soldiers' King"
(Hohenzollern) 
Under his rule, Prussia built the best army in Europe and transformed into a model military state
-"Potsdam Giants" 
-saved money, didn't fight
-had an efficient bureaucracy
61
Q

Robespierre (1758-1794)

A

The mind behind the radical phase

  • educated as a lawyer
  • deeply influenced by Enlightenment (Rousseau)
  • began as an idealistic member of National Assembly
  • Execution of Robespierre (he was killing too many people, got out of hand)
  • “the revolution devours its own”
  • marks the end of the Reign of Terror
62
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A

Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713

63
Q

National Assembly

A

Third Estate group formed when the Tennis Court Oath is created

64
Q

Reign of Terror

A

(French Revolution)

  • starts when the Committee of Public Safety was formed (killed people who didn’t support revolution)
  • execution of Robespierre marked end of Reign of Terror
65
Q

Galileo (1564-1642)

A

Heliocentric

  • publishes, gets into trouble, tried before Inquisition
  • challenged metaphysics of church
66
Q

Jacques Necker (1732-1804)

A

Minister from 1777-1788

-the Estates General (called in 1788, last met in 1614)

67
Q

Hundred Days

A

March-June 1815

  • Napoleon escapes from exile, returns to Paris, army supports him
  • installs himself again as leader, raises am army, defeated at Waterloo
  • finally exiled to St. Helena
68
Q

Capitalism

A

Can invest money in hopes of making a profit

69
Q

English Reformation

A

Henry wants to divorce his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she wasn’t producing a son, told pope the marriage was invalid because she was his brother’s widow

  • Pope doesn’t respond
  • Henry splits the church and starts the Anglican Church
70
Q

Dutch Republic

A

many wealthy merchants

-good trade system

71
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

June 20, 1789

  • starts National Assembly
  • Third Estate promise to themselves not to disband until a new government is formed
72
Q

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

A

“I wonder what it was like in the state of nature”
-wrote Leviathan (1651) -man’s condition in the state of nature, why man forms a government, form of government
-“homo homini lupus” = we treat each other like wolves (nasty, brutish, short)
-His reaction to the execution of Charles I
-need strong government to deal with unruly
people (absolute monarchy)
-similar views to Machiavelli

73
Q

Women’s March

A

October 5-6, 1789

-women riot in Paris, march to Versailles where Louis XVI was, told King and Queen to come to Paris

74
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A

Reign of Terror

-kills people who don’t support the revolution

75
Q

Phillip II (1556-1598)

A

Charles’ son

  • super Catholic = no toleration
  • wanted to bring back Catholic to England
  • marries Bloody Mary
  • wanted to marry Elizabeth I
  • Elizabeth aids Dutch in revolt, angers Phillip
76
Q

sans culottes

A

Emerge after storming of the Tuileries (Aug. 10, 1792)

  • people without breeches; no socks up to knees, full length pants
  • ones who stormed the Bastille (like a mob)
77
Q

“3rd of May”

A

1808
Painting by Goya, showed Spanish being massacred by the French
“The sleep of reason produces terrible monsters”
-portrays group of guerrillas attempting to resist Napoleon’s army, captured

78
Q

balance of power

A

No monarch or country can be too powerful

Congress of Vienna arranged map so that France-or any other country-would never be dominant again

79
Q

The Thirty Years’ War

A

Started when Protestants threw 2 Catholics from a castle window May 23, 1618 (defenestration of Prague)
-ended by the Peace of Westphalia

80
Q

Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment

A 
Belief that logic and reason could explain everything
The emphasis of natural law 
Overt secularism/overt toleration
~
Politically: reform
Socially: increased literacy
Economically: shift to capitalism
Intellectually: new philosophies

AP European History (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions