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AP European History > Semester Exam > Flashcards

Semester Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

Frederick the Great (r.1740-1786)

A
  • first “servant of the state”

- religious toleration, promotion through merit, academic freedom, freed serfs, invited Voltaire to his court

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1
Q

Enlightened Monarchs

A

Had direct correspondence with philosophes, used their power to promote intellectual ideas and the welfare of their people, toleration of religion, more education, and elimination of torture/death penalty
-BUT..all of these reforms were moderate, many of these reforms helped increase power, and most reforms/ideas will be undone by 19th century
(Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of HRE, Catherine the Great of Russia)

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2
Q

Joseph II

A

-religious toleration, solidified Hapsburg, abolished serfdom, taxed everyone, abolished torture/death penalty

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3
Q

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)

A

Rise to power…goal was to modernize and westernize; corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot, liked enlightened ideas but difficult to make these changes
-“you write on paper, I write on skin” to Voltaire

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4
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Issued by Henry IV (Henry kept France at peace, loved by people) in 1589 as a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots
-allowed Protestants the right to worship in certain towns throughout France

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5
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

A

Heliocentric
-believed sun was at the center of the universe, not earth; knew his writings would be controversial, did not publish them until year of death
Theorized the stars/planets revolved around sun, not earth
-teachings brought sharp attacks from religious leaders, especially Protestants

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6
Q

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

A

Brahe’s brilliant young assistant

  • demonstrated that the orbits of planets around the Sun are elliptical, rather than circular
  • proved mathematically the precise relations of sun-centered solar system
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7
Q

John Locke (1632-1704)

A

philosophe; people born not good, not evil, but blank
“Tabula Rosa” = Blank slate
The Social Contract

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8
Q

The Social Contract

A
  1. Promise to respect other’s life, liberty, and property
  2. Government will protect the citizens’ natural rights
  3. We have the right to revolt of the government doesn’t protect your rights
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9
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

A
  • born GOOD, cooperated with one another, society has corrupted us
  • “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains”
  • progress in science doesn’t mean progress in society
  • man is a “noble savage” in the state of nature
  • The General Will: rely on popular sovereignty (voting)
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10
Q

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

A

Scotsman looking for natural laws of economics:

  1. Supply and demand
  2. Competition
    - the government’s responsibility should be “laissez faire” = hands off
    - let the invisible hand of 1 & 2 determine what products/price should be
    - anti-Mercantilism= hated by monarchs/kings
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11
Q

Invisible Hand

A

Government should be “laissez faire” (hands off) in economics
-invisible hand of supply & demand and competition will determine what products/price should be
(Adam Smith)

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12
Q

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A

-toleration
-critical of organized religion (most vocal against the lack of toleration)
-“crush the infamous thing”
-believe in deism
“I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

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13
Q

philosophes

A

-trying to find natural laws of human behavior

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14
Q

Versailles

A
  • Began as a modest hunting lodge
  • under Louis XIV’s orders, his architects turned it into a magnificent palace
  • mirror of French greatness to the world
  • Louis gained power
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15
Q

Intendants

A

Royal commissioners

  • performed specific tasks, often financial, but also judicial and political
  • collected info from local communities and delivered orders
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16
Q

Fronde

A

(“Slingshot/catapult”)

  • uprisings of 1648-1652
  • term applied to the many individuals/ groups who opposed the policies of the government
  • revolt started by Nobles of the Sword (old) fighting power of the King
  • does not succeed
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17
Q

Mercantilism

A
  1. Colonies established
  2. Colonies provide raw materials
  3. Mother country makes finished products
  4. Mother country sells the finished products back to colonies
    (favorable balance of trade)
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18
Q

westernization

A

Catherine the Great’s goal was to modernize and westernize Russia

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19
Q

Jesuits

A

Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

  • Jesuits were modern and attracted many recruits
  • brought southern Germany and much of Eastern Europe back to Catholicism
  • guardians of faith
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20
Q

Divine right

A

Monarchs believed they were appointed by God

Ex: Louis XIV

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21
Q

Peter the Great

A
  • modernization and westernization

- built St. Petersburg, made it the capital, made nobles live there with him

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22
Q

Charles I

A

Goes around Parliament (power of purse) for taxes to gain power

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23
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Metternich’s principles: legitimacy (restoration of rightful rulers), compensation; balance of power
-reactionary

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24
Q

Medici

A

In Italy, supporter of arts (patron of the arts)

Religious figures, important people

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25
Q

Martin Luther

A

Against indulgences; Christian humanists; salvation by faith alone; debates with John Eck; Diet of Worms, then excommunicated from Church; protected by Duke of Saxony

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26
Q

Peasants War

A

“mad dogs”

  • used religious controversy to revolt against feudal lords; resolved by Peace of Augsburg
  • each prince was able to vote to be Lutheran or Catholic
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27
Q

Continental System

A

Napoleon’s attempt to stop trade with Britain

-begins Napoleon’s end

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28
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

Charles XI was scared his daughter wouldn’t be strong enough to fight off other countries

  • made countries agree not to take his land when he died
  • Countries broke promise and attacked anyway
  • Austria still prospered under her
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29
Q

Orderly universe

A

Everything happens because everything is attached to a natural law

  • things don’t happen randomly
  • reliable, never-changing
  • before it was based on God alone
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30
Q

Nationalism

A

Growing movement that starts under Napoleon

  • people begin to feel proud of country
  • ethnic groups coming together and becoming stronger
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31
Q

Bourbon

A

Ruling family in France

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32
Q

Hapsburg

A

Ruling family in Spain/Austria

33
Q

Commercial revolution

A

Buying and selling things with money

-Mercantilism =favorable balance of trade

34
Q

Estates General

A

Louis XVI calls in Estates General after he tried everything else (last option).
Problems- 2:1 vote (clergy and noble voted together, 3rd estate always got outvoted)

35
Q

Silesia

A

Territory Prussia took over

36
Q

Free trade

A

What Adam Smith wants; natural laws of economics

-invisible hand of competition will balance it out

37
Q

Oligarchy

A

Rule by a group of people (Ex: England after England Reformation, ruled by nobles)

38
Q

Parlement

A

In charge of legal system (court system)

  • France
  • got in way of what King wanted to do
39
Q

Spain

A

Ferdinand and Isabella married, united territories (Castile & Aragon)

  • needed to drive Turks out of Grenada
  • Spain’s fortunes rise in New World
  • Spanish Armada defeated 1588
40
Q

Inquisition

A

A committee of 6 cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics, and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute

  • vigorously attacked heresy, effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States
  • sometimes applied torture
41
Q

Baroque

A

Originated in Rome

  • Catholic Reformation art
  • Church encouraged artists to appeal to the senses
  • sense of drama, motion and ceaseless striving
42
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Elizabethan era=great progress

  • undid Bloody Mary’s anti-Protestant laws
  • made moderate Protestantism the official religion
43
Q

The Prince

A

Written by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513

44
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

Wrote The Prince

  • thought Italian states should unite
  • Leaders need to provide security and stability
  • “it is better to be feared than loved”
45
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

Ended 30 Years War in 1648

-Netherlands won independence from Spain

46
Q

Witchcraft

A

“Deluded by devil”

  • tried and executed witches, mainly women and older widows
  • witches were enemies of God
47
Q

Henry IV

A

Published Edict of Nantes in 1598

  • “Paris is worth a mass”
  • politique
  • converted to Catholic so he wouldn’t be killed
48
Q

Politique

A

Puts politics ahead of religion

49
Q

Richelieu

A

Appointed as minister by Marie de Medici

  • 1st minister of the French Crown in 1628
  • declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance
  • helped maintain the monarchy’s power within Europe despite the turmoil of the 30 Years’ War
  • supported the Hapsburgs’ enemies, including Protestants
50
Q

Humanism

A

-idea of reflecting back to ancient times when it was more worldly than spiritual
Implicit philosophy
Renaissance humanists studied the classics to understand human nature
Petrarch= Father of Humanism

51
Q

Christian humanism

A

(Northern humanists) interpreted Italian ideas
Generally rejected ideas that were opposed to Christianity
-viewed humanity from a strongly Christian perspective

52
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Praise of Folly (1509)
Christian humanist
-“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched”

53
Q

Calvinism

A

John Calvin (1509-1564)
-believed God had specifically called him to reform the church (Presbyterian)
Sacraments: only those in scripture
Eucharist: symbolic representation
Authority: The Bible and Church elders (presbyters)
Salvation: predestination “the elect” (chosen)
Theocracy = religious communities (set his in Geneva)
Protestant Work Ethic

54
Q

Lutheranism

A

Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Sacraments: only those in scripture
Eucharist: consubstantiation (w/ Jesus)
Authority: the Bible
Salvation: “sola fide, sola scripture” = only faith, only scripture
-no one in authority ranks above you if you have faith

55
Q

Martin Luther

A

Posted ‘95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences’ on October 31

  • questions he would like to debate with church officials
  • not a heretic, only questioning
  • argued that indulgences undermined the seriousness of Penance, competed with the preaching of the gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life
56
Q

Brandenburg-Prussia

A

Prussia

3 provinces

57
Q

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

A

Pope Paul III

Conclusions: reaffirmed catholic doctrine, ended corruption within the clergy

58
Q

Renaissance

A 
1350-1550
"Rebirth"
-individualism
-secularism
-revival of classic antiquity 
-humanism
-Florence= center of Renaissance during the quatrocentro
Art of Renaissance= secular, perspective, real
59
Q

Montaigne (1533-1592)

A

“Que sais-je” = “what do I know?”

  • nothing (skepticism)
  • critical
60
Q

Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)

A 
"the Soldiers' King"
(Hohenzollern) 
Under his rule, Prussia built the best army in Europe and transformed into a model military state
-"Potsdam Giants" 
-saved money, didn't fight
-had an efficient bureaucracy
61
Q

Robespierre (1758-1794)

A

The mind behind the radical phase

  • educated as a lawyer
  • deeply influenced by Enlightenment (Rousseau)
  • began as an idealistic member of National Assembly
  • Execution of Robespierre (he was killing too many people, got out of hand)
  • “the revolution devours its own”
  • marks the end of the Reign of Terror
62
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A

Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713

63
Q

National Assembly

A

Third Estate group formed when the Tennis Court Oath is created

64
Q

Reign of Terror

A

(French Revolution)

  • starts when the Committee of Public Safety was formed (killed people who didn’t support revolution)
  • execution of Robespierre marked end of Reign of Terror
65
Q

Galileo (1564-1642)

A

Heliocentric

  • publishes, gets into trouble, tried before Inquisition
  • challenged metaphysics of church
66
Q

Jacques Necker (1732-1804)

A

Minister from 1777-1788

-the Estates General (called in 1788, last met in 1614)

67
Q

Hundred Days

A

March-June 1815

  • Napoleon escapes from exile, returns to Paris, army supports him
  • installs himself again as leader, raises am army, defeated at Waterloo
  • finally exiled to St. Helena
68
Q

Capitalism

A

Can invest money in hopes of making a profit

69
Q

English Reformation

A

Henry wants to divorce his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she wasn’t producing a son, told pope the marriage was invalid because she was his brother’s widow

  • Pope doesn’t respond
  • Henry splits the church and starts the Anglican Church
70
Q

Dutch Republic

A

many wealthy merchants

-good trade system

71
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

June 20, 1789

  • starts National Assembly
  • Third Estate promise to themselves not to disband until a new government is formed
72
Q

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

A

“I wonder what it was like in the state of nature”
-wrote Leviathan (1651) -man’s condition in the state of nature, why man forms a government, form of government
-“homo homini lupus” = we treat each other like wolves (nasty, brutish, short)
-His reaction to the execution of Charles I
-need strong government to deal with unruly
people (absolute monarchy)
-similar views to Machiavelli

73
Q

Women’s March

A

October 5-6, 1789

-women riot in Paris, march to Versailles where Louis XVI was, told King and Queen to come to Paris

74
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A

Reign of Terror

-kills people who don’t support the revolution

75
Q

Phillip II (1556-1598)

A

Charles’ son

  • super Catholic = no toleration
  • wanted to bring back Catholic to England
  • marries Bloody Mary
  • wanted to marry Elizabeth I
  • Elizabeth aids Dutch in revolt, angers Phillip
76
Q

sans culottes

A

Emerge after storming of the Tuileries (Aug. 10, 1792)

  • people without breeches; no socks up to knees, full length pants
  • ones who stormed the Bastille (like a mob)
77
Q

“3rd of May”

A

1808
Painting by Goya, showed Spanish being massacred by the French
“The sleep of reason produces terrible monsters”
-portrays group of guerrillas attempting to resist Napoleon’s army, captured

78
Q

balance of power

A

No monarch or country can be too powerful

Congress of Vienna arranged map so that France-or any other country-would never be dominant again

79
Q

The Thirty Years’ War

A

Started when Protestants threw 2 Catholics from a castle window May 23, 1618 (defenestration of Prague)
-ended by the Peace of Westphalia

80
Q

Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment

A 
Belief that logic and reason could explain everything
The emphasis of natural law 
Overt secularism/overt toleration
~
Politically: reform
Socially: increased literacy
Economically: shift to capitalism
Intellectually: new philosophies

AP European History (8 decks)

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