Semester Exam Flashcards
Frederick the Great (r.1740-1786)
- first “servant of the state”
- religious toleration, promotion through merit, academic freedom, freed serfs, invited Voltaire to his court
Enlightened Monarchs
Had direct correspondence with philosophes, used their power to promote intellectual ideas and the welfare of their people, toleration of religion, more education, and elimination of torture/death penalty
-BUT..all of these reforms were moderate, many of these reforms helped increase power, and most reforms/ideas will be undone by 19th century
(Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of HRE, Catherine the Great of Russia)
Joseph II
-religious toleration, solidified Hapsburg, abolished serfdom, taxed everyone, abolished torture/death penalty
Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
Rise to power…goal was to modernize and westernize; corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot, liked enlightened ideas but difficult to make these changes
-“you write on paper, I write on skin” to Voltaire
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV (Henry kept France at peace, loved by people) in 1589 as a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots
-allowed Protestants the right to worship in certain towns throughout France
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Heliocentric
-believed sun was at the center of the universe, not earth; knew his writings would be controversial, did not publish them until year of death
Theorized the stars/planets revolved around sun, not earth
-teachings brought sharp attacks from religious leaders, especially Protestants
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Brahe’s brilliant young assistant
- demonstrated that the orbits of planets around the Sun are elliptical, rather than circular
- proved mathematically the precise relations of sun-centered solar system
John Locke (1632-1704)
philosophe; people born not good, not evil, but blank
“Tabula Rosa” = Blank slate
The Social Contract
The Social Contract
- Promise to respect other’s life, liberty, and property
- Government will protect the citizens’ natural rights
- We have the right to revolt of the government doesn’t protect your rights
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
- born GOOD, cooperated with one another, society has corrupted us
- “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains”
- progress in science doesn’t mean progress in society
- man is a “noble savage” in the state of nature
- The General Will: rely on popular sovereignty (voting)
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Scotsman looking for natural laws of economics:
- Supply and demand
- Competition
- the government’s responsibility should be “laissez faire” = hands off
- let the invisible hand of 1 & 2 determine what products/price should be
- anti-Mercantilism= hated by monarchs/kings
Invisible Hand
Government should be “laissez faire” (hands off) in economics
-invisible hand of supply & demand and competition will determine what products/price should be
(Adam Smith)
Voltaire (1694-1778)
-toleration
-critical of organized religion (most vocal against the lack of toleration)
-“crush the infamous thing”
-believe in deism
“I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
philosophes
-trying to find natural laws of human behavior
Versailles
- Began as a modest hunting lodge
- under Louis XIV’s orders, his architects turned it into a magnificent palace
- mirror of French greatness to the world
- Louis gained power
Intendants
Royal commissioners
- performed specific tasks, often financial, but also judicial and political
- collected info from local communities and delivered orders
Fronde
(“Slingshot/catapult”)
- uprisings of 1648-1652
- term applied to the many individuals/ groups who opposed the policies of the government
- revolt started by Nobles of the Sword (old) fighting power of the King
- does not succeed
Mercantilism
- Colonies established
- Colonies provide raw materials
- Mother country makes finished products
- Mother country sells the finished products back to colonies
(favorable balance of trade)
westernization
Catherine the Great’s goal was to modernize and westernize Russia
Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
- Jesuits were modern and attracted many recruits
- brought southern Germany and much of Eastern Europe back to Catholicism
- guardians of faith
Divine right
Monarchs believed they were appointed by God
Ex: Louis XIV
Peter the Great
- modernization and westernization
- built St. Petersburg, made it the capital, made nobles live there with him
Charles I
Goes around Parliament (power of purse) for taxes to gain power
Congress of Vienna
Metternich’s principles: legitimacy (restoration of rightful rulers), compensation; balance of power
-reactionary
Medici
In Italy, supporter of arts (patron of the arts)
Religious figures, important people
Martin Luther
Against indulgences; Christian humanists; salvation by faith alone; debates with John Eck; Diet of Worms, then excommunicated from Church; protected by Duke of Saxony
Peasants War
“mad dogs”
- used religious controversy to revolt against feudal lords; resolved by Peace of Augsburg
- each prince was able to vote to be Lutheran or Catholic
Continental System
Napoleon’s attempt to stop trade with Britain
-begins Napoleon’s end
Pragmatic Sanction
Charles XI was scared his daughter wouldn’t be strong enough to fight off other countries
- made countries agree not to take his land when he died
- Countries broke promise and attacked anyway
- Austria still prospered under her
Orderly universe
Everything happens because everything is attached to a natural law
- things don’t happen randomly
- reliable, never-changing
- before it was based on God alone
Nationalism
Growing movement that starts under Napoleon
- people begin to feel proud of country
- ethnic groups coming together and becoming stronger
Bourbon
Ruling family in France
Hapsburg
Ruling family in Spain/Austria
Commercial revolution
Buying and selling things with money
-Mercantilism =favorable balance of trade
Estates General
Louis XVI calls in Estates General after he tried everything else (last option).
Problems- 2:1 vote (clergy and noble voted together, 3rd estate always got outvoted)
Silesia
Territory Prussia took over
Free trade
What Adam Smith wants; natural laws of economics
-invisible hand of competition will balance it out
Oligarchy
Rule by a group of people (Ex: England after England Reformation, ruled by nobles)
Parlement
In charge of legal system (court system)
- France
- got in way of what King wanted to do
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella married, united territories (Castile & Aragon)
- needed to drive Turks out of Grenada
- Spain’s fortunes rise in New World
- Spanish Armada defeated 1588
Inquisition
A committee of 6 cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics, and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute
- vigorously attacked heresy, effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States
- sometimes applied torture
Baroque
Originated in Rome
- Catholic Reformation art
- Church encouraged artists to appeal to the senses
- sense of drama, motion and ceaseless striving
Elizabeth I
Elizabethan era=great progress
- undid Bloody Mary’s anti-Protestant laws
- made moderate Protestantism the official religion
The Prince
Written by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513
Niccolo Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince
- thought Italian states should unite
- Leaders need to provide security and stability
- “it is better to be feared than loved”
Peace of Westphalia
Ended 30 Years War in 1648
-Netherlands won independence from Spain
Witchcraft
“Deluded by devil”
- tried and executed witches, mainly women and older widows
- witches were enemies of God
Henry IV
Published Edict of Nantes in 1598
- “Paris is worth a mass”
- politique
- converted to Catholic so he wouldn’t be killed
Politique
Puts politics ahead of religion
Richelieu
Appointed as minister by Marie de Medici
- 1st minister of the French Crown in 1628
- declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance
- helped maintain the monarchy’s power within Europe despite the turmoil of the 30 Years’ War
- supported the Hapsburgs’ enemies, including Protestants
Humanism
-idea of reflecting back to ancient times when it was more worldly than spiritual
Implicit philosophy
Renaissance humanists studied the classics to understand human nature
Petrarch= Father of Humanism
Christian humanism
(Northern humanists) interpreted Italian ideas
Generally rejected ideas that were opposed to Christianity
-viewed humanity from a strongly Christian perspective
Desiderius Erasmus
Praise of Folly (1509)
Christian humanist
-“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched”
Calvinism
John Calvin (1509-1564)
-believed God had specifically called him to reform the church (Presbyterian)
Sacraments: only those in scripture
Eucharist: symbolic representation
Authority: The Bible and Church elders (presbyters)
Salvation: predestination “the elect” (chosen)
Theocracy = religious communities (set his in Geneva)
Protestant Work Ethic
Lutheranism
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Sacraments: only those in scripture
Eucharist: consubstantiation (w/ Jesus)
Authority: the Bible
Salvation: “sola fide, sola scripture” = only faith, only scripture
-no one in authority ranks above you if you have faith
Martin Luther
Posted ‘95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences’ on October 31
- questions he would like to debate with church officials
- not a heretic, only questioning
- argued that indulgences undermined the seriousness of Penance, competed with the preaching of the gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life
Brandenburg-Prussia
Prussia
3 provinces
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Pope Paul III
Conclusions: reaffirmed catholic doctrine, ended corruption within the clergy
Renaissance
1350-1550 "Rebirth" -individualism -secularism -revival of classic antiquity -humanism -Florence= center of Renaissance during the quatrocentro Art of Renaissance= secular, perspective, real
Montaigne (1533-1592)
“Que sais-je” = “what do I know?”
- nothing (skepticism)
- critical
Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)
"the Soldiers' King" (Hohenzollern) Under his rule, Prussia built the best army in Europe and transformed into a model military state -"Potsdam Giants" -saved money, didn't fight -had an efficient bureaucracy
Robespierre (1758-1794)
The mind behind the radical phase
- educated as a lawyer
- deeply influenced by Enlightenment (Rousseau)
- began as an idealistic member of National Assembly
- Execution of Robespierre (he was killing too many people, got out of hand)
- “the revolution devours its own”
- marks the end of the Reign of Terror
Peace of Utrecht
Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713
National Assembly
Third Estate group formed when the Tennis Court Oath is created
Reign of Terror
(French Revolution)
- starts when the Committee of Public Safety was formed (killed people who didn’t support revolution)
- execution of Robespierre marked end of Reign of Terror
Galileo (1564-1642)
Heliocentric
- publishes, gets into trouble, tried before Inquisition
- challenged metaphysics of church
Jacques Necker (1732-1804)
Minister from 1777-1788
-the Estates General (called in 1788, last met in 1614)
Hundred Days
March-June 1815
- Napoleon escapes from exile, returns to Paris, army supports him
- installs himself again as leader, raises am army, defeated at Waterloo
- finally exiled to St. Helena
Capitalism
Can invest money in hopes of making a profit
English Reformation
Henry wants to divorce his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she wasn’t producing a son, told pope the marriage was invalid because she was his brother’s widow
- Pope doesn’t respond
- Henry splits the church and starts the Anglican Church
Dutch Republic
many wealthy merchants
-good trade system
Tennis Court Oath
June 20, 1789
- starts National Assembly
- Third Estate promise to themselves not to disband until a new government is formed
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
“I wonder what it was like in the state of nature”
-wrote Leviathan (1651) -man’s condition in the state of nature, why man forms a government, form of government
-“homo homini lupus” = we treat each other like wolves (nasty, brutish, short)
-His reaction to the execution of Charles I
-need strong government to deal with unruly
people (absolute monarchy)
-similar views to Machiavelli
Women’s March
October 5-6, 1789
-women riot in Paris, march to Versailles where Louis XVI was, told King and Queen to come to Paris
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror
-kills people who don’t support the revolution
Phillip II (1556-1598)
Charles’ son
- super Catholic = no toleration
- wanted to bring back Catholic to England
- marries Bloody Mary
- wanted to marry Elizabeth I
- Elizabeth aids Dutch in revolt, angers Phillip
sans culottes
Emerge after storming of the Tuileries (Aug. 10, 1792)
- people without breeches; no socks up to knees, full length pants
- ones who stormed the Bastille (like a mob)
“3rd of May”
1808
Painting by Goya, showed Spanish being massacred by the French
“The sleep of reason produces terrible monsters”
-portrays group of guerrillas attempting to resist Napoleon’s army, captured
balance of power
No monarch or country can be too powerful
Congress of Vienna arranged map so that France-or any other country-would never be dominant again
The Thirty Years’ War
Started when Protestants threw 2 Catholics from a castle window May 23, 1618 (defenestration of Prague)
-ended by the Peace of Westphalia
Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment
Belief that logic and reason could explain everything The emphasis of natural law Overt secularism/overt toleration ~ Politically: reform Socially: increased literacy Economically: shift to capitalism Intellectually: new philosophies
