Agricultural Revolution

Question 0

Jethro Tull

Answer 0

Seed drill
Horse drawn hoe- horse is smaller, controlled better, as opposed to oxen
-aerated the soil, stops weeds

Question 1

Open-field system

Answer 1

Land divided up into 3 strips, strips distributed to farmers

One section is fallow for a year to rest the soil

Question 2

Charles “Turnip” Townsend

Answer 2

4 course rotation

• 4 fields, turnips planted in one field so top layer would be fallow
• no more fallow field
• provided more food in winter (year round supply of meat)
• legumes replenish soil

Question 3

The Enclosure System

Answer 3

• open-field system was inefficient (couldn’t keep up with exploding population)
• more rational use of land and technique

Question 4

Early textile industry

Answer 4

Cotton output increased 800% between 1780 and 1800

• invention of cotton gin
• led the way in innovation and industrialization

Question 5

Selective breeding/ cross breeding

Answer 5

Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
Arthur Young (1741-1820)
-breed ones with best qualities

Question 6

Richard Arkwright

Answer 6

Invented the Water Frame (1780s)

-father of modern factory system

Question 7

Newcomen’s Steam Engine (1705)

Answer 7

• steam atmospheric pump

- inefficient

Question 8

James Watt’s Steam Engine (1770s)

Answer 8

• double acting rotative steam engine
• sun and planet gear
• Birmingham

Question 9

Luddites

Answer 9

People who reject innovation/new technology, and try to resist the spread of it

• 250,000 weavers out of work
• would sometimes destroy the machines

Question 10

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Answer 10

An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798):
-food supply has increased at an “arithmetic rate”
-population has increased at a “geometric rate”
Population will outgrow food supply due to decreased death rate
-advocated a laissez faire approach = don’t help the poor

Question 11

David Ricardo (1772-1823)

Answer 11

The Iron Law of Wages

• even wages are subject to the natural law of supply and demand/competition
• wages will always be at a subsistence level

Question 12

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Answer 12

• sterilization techniques

- antiseptic

Question 13

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Answer 13

Germ Theory vs. Miasmatic (airborne) Theory

Pasteurization

Question 14

Romanticism

Answer 14

(late 1700s-mid 1800s)
An emotional reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution
-stressed feelings, emotion, imagination
-strong belief in individualism
-strong emotional connection with the past, nature and the exotic

Question 15

Utilitarians

Answer 15

“The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number”
-practical
(John Stuart Mill
Jeremy Bentham)

Question 16

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

Answer 16

“God is Dead”
“Christianity: a Slave Morality”
-the west had overemphasized rationality and stifled our animal instinct
-Will to Power: the driving force in man…. achievement, ambition

Question 17

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Answer 17

The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
-tries to explore subconscious 
-sexual drives
-childhood experiences
-the unconscious 
Id (infantile Instincts), superego (conscience), ego (makes the decision) 
-Psychoanalysis
-Stages of life

Question 18

Zollverein

Answer 18

1834
Germany united economically
-first step to German unification

Question 19

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Answer 19

The voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836

Origin of Species (1859)

Question 20

The Chartists (1838)

Answer 20

Wanted:
-universal suffrage
-annual calling of Parliament 
-the secret ballot
-salaries for members of Parliament
-abolition of property qualification for members of Parliament 
Presented to Parliament 3 times and was rejected 
-too radical

Question 21

Scientific Socialism

Answer 21

Revolution is going to occur violently

-Karl Marx

Question 22

Utopian Socialism

Answer 22

Non-violent
Idealists
-R. Owen

Question 23

Edward Jenner

Answer 23

Cowpox
Vaccine for smallpox
1796

Question 24

Cholera Bacterium: Epidemic in London, 1846

Answer 24

-Sewage…

“walking city”=contact with many people

Question 25

Urban Life

Answer 25

More likely to die of disease than in countryside
More people died each year than were born
-immigration from countryside kept population from decreasing
-By 1900, death rates for cities and rural areas would be equal

Question 26

Smallpox

Answer 26

60 million Europeans died of it in the 18th century
80% of the population was stricken at some point
-Edward Jenner: vaccination from cowpox

Question 27

Adam Smith

Answer 27

Laissez faire capitalism

• competition, and
• supply and demand =natural laws of economics
• self-interest
• invisible hand
• division of labor (products will be cheaper)

Question 28

Crystal Palace

Answer 28

An architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were now cheap and abundant

Question 29

Early labor movement in Britain

Answer 29

Combination Acts: outlawed unions and strikes in 1799 (repealed in 1824)
The pattern of artisans working with hand tools in small shops remained unchanged in many trades, even as some others were revolutionized by technological change
Attempt to create a single large national union (R Owens)

Question 30

3 factors that allowed England to begin the Industrial Revolution

Answer 30

Expanding Atlantic economy
Agricultural productivity
Other assets that helped give rise to industrial leadership, such as a central bank