Agricultural Revolution Flashcards
Jethro Tull
Seed drill
Horse drawn hoe- horse is smaller, controlled better, as opposed to oxen
-aerated the soil, stops weeds
Open-field system
Land divided up into 3 strips, strips distributed to farmers
One section is fallow for a year to rest the soil
Charles “Turnip” Townsend
4 course rotation
- 4 fields, turnips planted in one field so top layer would be fallow
- no more fallow field
- provided more food in winter (year round supply of meat)
- legumes replenish soil
The Enclosure System
- open-field system was inefficient (couldn’t keep up with exploding population)
- more rational use of land and technique
Early textile industry
Cotton output increased 800% between 1780 and 1800
- invention of cotton gin
- led the way in innovation and industrialization
Selective breeding/ cross breeding
Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) Arthur Young (1741-1820) -breed ones with best qualities
Richard Arkwright
Invented the Water Frame (1780s)
-father of modern factory system
Newcomen’s Steam Engine (1705)
- steam atmospheric pump
- inefficient
James Watt’s Steam Engine (1770s)
- double acting rotative steam engine
- sun and planet gear
- Birmingham
Luddites
People who reject innovation/new technology, and try to resist the spread of it
- 250,000 weavers out of work
- would sometimes destroy the machines
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798):
-food supply has increased at an “arithmetic rate”
-population has increased at a “geometric rate”
Population will outgrow food supply due to decreased death rate
-advocated a laissez faire approach = don’t help the poor
David Ricardo (1772-1823)
The Iron Law of Wages
- even wages are subject to the natural law of supply and demand/competition
- wages will always be at a subsistence level
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
- sterilization techniques
- antiseptic
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Germ Theory vs. Miasmatic (airborne) Theory
Pasteurization
Romanticism
(late 1700s-mid 1800s)
An emotional reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution
-stressed feelings, emotion, imagination
-strong belief in individualism
-strong emotional connection with the past, nature and the exotic
Utilitarians
“The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number”
-practical
(John Stuart Mill
Jeremy Bentham)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
“God is Dead”
“Christianity: a Slave Morality”
-the west had overemphasized rationality and stifled our animal instinct
-Will to Power: the driving force in man…. achievement, ambition
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) -tries to explore subconscious -sexual drives -childhood experiences -the unconscious Id (infantile Instincts), superego (conscience), ego (makes the decision) -Psychoanalysis -Stages of life
Zollverein
1834
Germany united economically
-first step to German unification
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
The voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836
Origin of Species (1859)
The Chartists (1838)
Wanted: -universal suffrage -annual calling of Parliament -the secret ballot -salaries for members of Parliament -abolition of property qualification for members of Parliament Presented to Parliament 3 times and was rejected -too radical
Scientific Socialism
Revolution is going to occur violently
-Karl Marx
Utopian Socialism
Non-violent
Idealists
-R. Owen
Edward Jenner
Cowpox
Vaccine for smallpox
1796
Cholera Bacterium: Epidemic in London, 1846
-Sewage…
“walking city”=contact with many people
Urban Life
More likely to die of disease than in countryside
More people died each year than were born
-immigration from countryside kept population from decreasing
-By 1900, death rates for cities and rural areas would be equal
Smallpox
60 million Europeans died of it in the 18th century
80% of the population was stricken at some point
-Edward Jenner: vaccination from cowpox
Adam Smith
Laissez faire capitalism
- competition, and
- supply and demand =natural laws of economics
- self-interest
- invisible hand
- division of labor (products will be cheaper)
Crystal Palace
An architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were now cheap and abundant
Early labor movement in Britain
Combination Acts: outlawed unions and strikes in 1799 (repealed in 1824)
The pattern of artisans working with hand tools in small shops remained unchanged in many trades, even as some others were revolutionized by technological change
Attempt to create a single large national union (R Owens)
3 factors that allowed England to begin the Industrial Revolution
Expanding Atlantic economy
Agricultural productivity
Other assets that helped give rise to industrial leadership, such as a central bank
